Dashes and Hyphens

Dashes and hyphens are punctuation marks used to connect, separate, or emphasize words and phrases. Proper usage improves readability and meaning.

Definition / Explanation

• Hyphen (-) – Connects words or parts of words, such as in compound words or numbers.
• Dash (– or —) – Separates or emphasizes phrases or clauses; can indicate interruption or range.

Rules / Guidelines

Hyphens

• Use hyphens in compound words: well-known, mother-in-law, part-time
• Use hyphens for numbers: twenty-one, fifty-six
• Use hyphens in some prefixes and suffixes: ex-president, self-esteem
• Avoid unnecessary hyphens: Incorrect: very-well

Dashes

• Use an en dash (–) for ranges: pages 10–20, 1990–2000
• Use an em dash (—) for emphasis, interruptions, or explanations: He was late—again.
• Do not overuse dashes; commas or parentheses may be preferred in formal writing.

Examples

Hyphen: She is a well-known author.
Hyphen in numbers: I have twenty-one books.
Dash (em dash): I finally found my keys—under the sofa.
Dash (en dash for range): The event runs June 10–15.
Interrupting dash: “I was going to—” she stopped abruptly.

Practice Exercises

1. Add hyphens where needed: She is a part time teacher.
2. Add hyphens in numbers: I have twenty one pencils.
3. Use a dash for emphasis: He forgot his wallet at home again.
4. Use an en dash for a range: The conference is scheduled July 5 to July 9.
5. Correct this sentence: I was going to tell you but—oh never mind.

Answers / Explanation

1. She is a part-time teacher.
2. I have twenty-one pencils.
3. He forgot his wallet at home—again.
4. The conference is scheduled July 5–9.
5. I was going to tell you—but—oh, never mind.