Contents

Country Overview

Sudan, officially the Republic of the Sudan, is a northeastern African country extending from the Sahara and Sahel to the Red Sea and the middle Nile basin. Its capital is Khartoum, at the confluence of the Blue and White Nile rivers. Sudan became independent on January 1, 1956, and South Sudan separated in 2011. Civil war between the Sudanese Armed Forces (SAF) and the Rapid Support Forces (RSF), which began in April 2023, has divided effective control of territory and caused mass displacement and an acute humanitarian emergency. In November 2026, Abdel Fattah al-Burhan heads the internationally recognized transitional authority, with Kamil Idris as prime minister; the RSF-backed coalition claims a rival administration in Nyala. Sudan’s economy includes agriculture, livestock and gold exports, while its historical heritage includes Kushite and Nubian archaeological sites. [5] [11] [9] [18] [7] [21]

Reference status: Contemporary edition • Verified: November 5, 2026 • Data and institutional descriptions are explicitly dated.

CapitalKhartoumNational capital [11]
Population51,662,1472025 World Bank [1]
Total area1,861,484 km²Conventional geographic estimate [3]
Nominal GDPUS$60.16 billion2025 World Bank [1]
GDP per capitaUS$1,164.52025 World Bank [1]
CurrencySudanese poundSDG [6]

Wartime reference caution: Population and national accounts are estimates under severe conflict-related measurement constraints. The World Bank’s 2025 GDP and population should not be treated as a direct census or a survey of all areas. UNCTAD’s 2024 merchandise-trade series is separate, and the WTO website’s detailed import/product data are from 2018. Sudan has a single UN-recognized state but rival de facto administrations; these should not be presented as two recognized countries. [1] [6] [8] [9]

Identity and State Formation

Official name
Republic of the Sudan. [11]
Common short name
Sudan.
Arabic country name
جمهورية السودان (Jumhūriyyat as-Sūdān).
Geographic classification
Northeastern Africa; UN statistical classification places Sudan in Northern Africa. [20]
Capital
Khartoum, situated at the meeting of the White Nile and Blue Nile. [11]
Current national administrative seat
State ministries and the prime minister returned to Khartoum in 2026 after wartime relocation to Port Sudan. Security conditions remain fluid. [9] [15]
Major urban centres
Khartoum, Omdurman, Khartoum North (Bahri), Port Sudan, Kassala, Wad Madani, Atbara, El Obeid, Nyala and El Fasher. [9] [25]
ISO 3166-1 country codes
SD (alpha-2) and SDN (alpha-3).
International telephone code
+249.
Independence date
January 1, 1956, ending Anglo-Egyptian condominium rule. [5]
National independence day
January 1. [5]
United Nations admission
November 12, 1956. [4]
Early state formation
The modern republic inherited the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan territorial administration, within which distinct regions had very different political histories. [5]
Nile Valley civilisations
Ancient Kushite states included Kerma, Napata and Meroe; archaeological sites remain central to Sudanese history. [21]
Medieval historical landscape
Christian Nubian kingdoms flourished along the Nile before Islam and Arabic expanded through successive centuries.
Early modern institutions
The Funj sultanate centred on Sennar and the Darfur sultanate were influential regional polities.
Nineteenth-century transformations
Egyptian-Ottoman rule, the Mahdist revolution and British-Egyptian reconquest reshaped the territory.
Anglo-Egyptian condominium
Joint British–Egyptian administration, formally established in 1899, ended at independence in 1956.
1960s–1980s transitions
Civilian, military and coalition governments alternated amid profound centre–periphery conflicts.
1989 regime change
Omar al-Bashir came to power through a military coup; his government continued until April 2019.
2019 political transition
Mass protest and military intervention ended Bashir’s rule, followed by an attempted civilian–military transitional arrangement. [9]
2021 military takeover
A military takeover disrupted the earlier civilian transition. [9] [10]
2023 war outbreak
Open conflict between the Sudanese Armed Forces (SAF) and the Rapid Support Forces (RSF) began April 15, 2023. [9] [25]
2025 institutional fragmentation
The RSF-aligned coalition announced a rival administration in 2025, deepening the division of authority. [10]
National continuity
Sudan remains a United Nations member state notwithstanding the conflict and fragmentation of effective administration. [4] [9]

Geography and Population

Total geographic area
1,861,484 km², a widely used conventional total-area figure; methodology differs across international datasets. [3]
Regional size
One of the largest countries in Africa by area. [3]
Location
Between the Sahara and Sahel, extending eastward to the Red Sea and southward toward savanna zones. [3]
Coastline
About 853 km on the Red Sea in the cited geographical reference. [3]
Neighbouring states
Egypt, Libya, Chad, Central African Republic, South Sudan, Ethiopia and Eritrea. [3]
Border count
Seven land neighbours. [3]
Borders requiring qualification
The status of Abyei and parts of the Sudan–South Sudan boundary remains disputed or requires final demarcation. [22] [24]
Principal river system
White Nile and Blue Nile join at Khartoum to form the main Nile. [3]
Major tributaries
Blue Nile, White Nile and Atbara River. [3]
Major deserts
Nubian Desert and parts of the Sahara; drylands and semi-arid country extend through much of the north. [3]
Major geographic zones
Nile valley, Red Sea Hills, eastern plains, Kordofan and Darfur uplands, savannas and irrigated agricultural zones. [3]
Highest point
Jabal Marrah (approximately 3,042 m in the 2024 geographic reference). [3]
Climate
Predominantly arid or semi-arid north; progressively greater seasonal rainfall toward the south, with strong interannual variability. [3] [26]
Environmental stressors
Drought, flooding, land degradation, water scarcity and climate variability; conflict adds access and maintenance barriers. [26] [18]
2025 population
51,662,147 (World Bank). [1]
Population growth
Approximately 2.4% in 2025 (World Bank). [1]
2024 population comparison
50.449 million in UNCTAD’s 2024 demographic series. [6]
Population estimates caution
War, displacement, disrupted enumeration and divergent estimation methods limit precision; no 2026 enumeration is implied. [20] [18]
Rural population share
Approximately 65% rural (2025 estimate cited in UK country information). [20]
Urban population share
Approximately 35% urban (2025 estimate from the same source). [20]
Children aged 0–14
Approximately 40.4% of the population (2025 estimate, age structure). [20]
Last conventional census benchmark
April–May 2008 (UN Statistics Division census list), before South Sudan’s independence; original nationwide totals are not directly comparable with post-2011 Sudan. [14]
Major displacement pattern
Population movements include internal displacement, cross-border refugee flows and returns to heavily damaged urban areas. [18] [19]
Life expectancy at birth
Approximately 66.5 years in 2024 (World Bank estimate). [1]
Administrative and population geography
Eighteen states remain the nominal national administrative framework, though effective civil administration varies by wartime control. [20] [9]

Comparability note: Total-area datasets use different geographic definitions and can give different figures. The 2008 census covered territory that later became South Sudan, while wartime population estimates are model-based. [3] [14] [20]

Economy and International Trade

Currency
Sudanese pound (SDG). [6]
Currency code
SDG (ISO 4217).
Monetary institution
Central Bank of Sudan; wartime fragmentation complicates monetary governance and cash access. [9]
Nominal GDP — World Bank 2025
US$60.1626 billion (2025, current US dollars). [1] [2]
GDP per capita — World Bank 2025
US$1,164.5 (2025, current US dollars). [1]
Real GDP growth — World Bank 2025
3.1% (2025). [1]
Output trend — UNCTAD 2024
Real GDP contracted 5.7% in 2024 in the UNCTAD profile; this is a distinct earlier observation. [6]
National accounts reliability
Conflict, informal commerce, displacement, price instability and disrupted reporting reduce statistical certainty. [20] [7]
Economic base
Agriculture and livestock, gold mining, trade and services; oil-related activity persists but differs from pre-2011 levels. [7]
Major agricultural crops
Sorghum, millet, wheat, sesame, groundnuts and cotton. [7] [26]
Agricultural livelihoods
Rain-fed farming, irrigated crops and livestock provide employment and food supplies for many communities. [7] [26]
Principal export categories
Gold; livestock and meat; sesame; gum arabic; cotton; selected oil and other agricultural commodities. [7]
Gold
Leading export and foreign-exchange source in the 2024–25 UNDP commodity analysis. [7]
Livestock and meat
Important exports, including sheep and other live animals shipped to regional markets. [7]
Sesame
Major agricultural export commodity, with significant international demand. [7]
Gum arabic
Natural plant gum harvested from acacia species; Sudan is a major historic supplier. [7]
Cotton
Traditional cash crop whose output and shipments are affected by irrigation and security conditions. [7]
Petroleum context
Oil production and pipeline transport have been reshaped since South Sudan’s 2011 secession; transit infrastructure remains strategically significant. [7]
Wartime commercial disruption
Transport insecurity, damage to factories and energy infrastructure, banking disruption and displacement reduce economic activity. [7] [20]
Main merchandise export destination — 2024
United Arab Emirates, US$1.699 billion in the UNCTAD 2024 partner series. [6]
Other leading export destinations — 2024
Saudi Arabia (US$421 million), China (US$365 million), Egypt (US$326 million) and India (US$98 million). [6]
2024 merchandise exports
US$3.134 billion, UNCTADstat. [6]
2024 merchandise imports
US$4.911 billion, UNCTADstat. [6]
2024 goods trade balance
Deficit of US$1.777 billion, UNCTADstat. [6]
2024 merchandise export growth
−13.6% in UNCTADstat. [6]
2024 services exports
Estimated US$571 million in UNCTADstat; a different balance-of-payments series from goods exports. [6]
2024 services imports
Estimated US$684 million in UNCTADstat. [6]
Principal import requirements
Food, especially wheat and sugar; refined fuels, medicines, machinery and transport equipment. [7]
Foreign-exchange volatility
Large divergences can exist between historical official rates, market rates and rates used in statistical conversions. [6] [7]
Exchange-rate reporting
UNCTAD reports a 2024 exchange rate of approximately SDG 1,573.76 per US dollar; historical only, not a live quote. [6]
Consumer-price inflation
World Bank Sudan country profile shows 138.8% for 2022 as the latest displayed comparable series; it is not a 2026 estimate. [1]
International trade institution
Sudan is not a WTO member; detailed WTO country-profile imports and product tables refer to 2018 and should not be used as 2024 totals. [8]
Principal ports
Port Sudan on the Red Sea is the principal maritime gateway; wartime access conditions can change. [9] [7]
Road and rail
Nile corridor and lines to Red Sea ports are nationally significant, but conflict damages transport and services. [7] [20]
Electricity supply
Generation and distribution have suffered major war-related losses and outages. [20]
Financial inclusion
Cash shortages, disrupted banking and telecommunications impede payments and business activity. [7]
Economic outlook
Recovery scenarios depend on security, restored transport, agricultural cycles, investment and humanitarian access. [7] [16]

International merchandise and services trade — 2024

UNCTADstat reports the following values for 2024. Services trade and goods trade follow separate statistical frameworks; the values must not be added without considering coverage. [6]

Sudan international trade (2024; UNCTADstat)
2024 trade indicatorUS$ millionSource/qualification
Merchandise exports3,134UNCTADstat, 2024
Merchandise imports4,911UNCTADstat, 2024
Goods trade balance−1,777Exports less imports
Services exports (estimated)571UNCTADstat, 2024
Services imports (estimated)684UNCTADstat, 2024

Selected export destinations — 2024

These are the top five destinations in the same UNCTAD 2024 series; they are not projections for 2026. [6]

Selected top goods export destinations (2024; UNCTADstat)
2024 export destinationValue (US$ million)Reporting series
United Arab Emirates1,699UNCTADstat 2024
Saudi Arabia421UNCTADstat 2024
China365UNCTADstat 2024
Egypt326UNCTADstat 2024
India98UNCTADstat 2024

Trade-series note: The WTO Sudan webpage’s detailed product and import information is for 2018, notwithstanding its current webpage appearance. The 2024 tables above come from UNCTAD, while UNDP’s 2024–25 chart supports the types of leading exports. World Bank 2025 GDP is independently dated. [8] [6] [7] [1]

People and Society

Population and identities
Ethnically and linguistically diverse country with Arab-identifying and numerous non-Arab African communities. [20]
Languages in widespread use
Sudanese Arabic varieties are widely spoken; numerous regional languages remain vital. [20]
Official languages — country profiles
Arabic and English are named official languages by the African Union Mission (September 2026) and SESRIC; wartime administrative use varies. [12] [13]
Arabic
Dominant language of national public communication and much administration. [20]
English
Used in education, international affairs and some state settings; official-working-language formulations have changed across constitutional periods. [20]
Selected indigenous languages
Beja, Fur, Nobiin and other Nubian languages, Masalit, Zaghawa and various Nuba Mountain languages. [20]
Official-language legal caveat
Historical constitutional texts differ; wartime legal uncertainty makes it inappropriate to treat any earlier multilingual clause as a freshly verified 2026 enactment. [9] [20]
Main religious tradition
Predominantly Sunni Islam, with diverse Sufi orders and practices. [20]
Other religious communities
Christian communities and indigenous religious traditions are also present. [20]
Religious share caution
No current representative nationwide census permits reliable 2026 percentage breakdowns. [20]
Religious and cultural diversity
Faith affiliations, customary practices and language patterns differ markedly by region. [20]
Major communities
Fur, Beja, Nubian, Nuba, Zaghawa, Masalit and many others, alongside diverse Sudanese Arab communities. [20]
Community percentages caution
Broad “Arab” and “non-Arab” estimates depend on identification and survey methods and may flatten internally diverse identities. [20]
Social organisation
Extended families, rural communities, urban neighbourhood networks and pastoral groups are influential social structures.
Traditional livelihoods
Farming, herding, fishing, trade and handicrafts. [7]
Urban life
Khartoum’s metropolitan region has historically been a cultural, commercial and educational hub; war severely damaged its services. [9] [20]
Cultural expressions
Music, oral literature, poetry, dance, textiles, cuisine and locally distinctive artistic traditions.
Common staple foods
Sorghum and millet dishes, flatbreads, beans and regional stews.
Education
Public schools and higher education have been disrupted by violence, displacement and damaged facilities. [18]
Healthcare
Medical access is severely constrained by destroyed facilities, shortages, insecurity and disrupted supply chains. [19]
People needing humanitarian assistance
33.7 million estimated for 2026 in UN humanitarian planning (UNICEF mid-year reporting). [18]
Children needing humanitarian assistance
17.3 million (UNICEF 2026 mid-year reporting). [18]
Internally displaced benchmark
Approximately 9.14 million internally displaced people recorded in UNICEF’s 2026 mid-year situation report; definitions and dates matter. [18]
Health assistance need
Approximately 21 million people needing health assistance in the WHO 2026 assessment. [19]
Conflict and food systems
Agricultural disruption, displacement, restricted trade and rainfall deficits undermine food security. [26] [20]
Protection concerns
UN reporting documents grave violence against civilians, including the 2025 RSF offensive on El Fasher. [17]
UNESCO World Heritage properties
Three inscribed properties as of November 2026. [21]
UNESCO cultural property — 2003
Gebel Barkal and the Sites of the Napatan Region. [21]
UNESCO cultural property — 2011
Archaeological Sites of the Island of Meroe. [21]
UNESCO natural property — 2016
Sanganeb Marine National Park and Dungonab Bay – Mukkawar Island Marine National Park. [21]
Heritage protection
Archaeological and cultural assets face conservation and security challenges in a country experiencing sustained conflict. [21] [16]

Social-statistics caution: Conflict and displacement limit representativeness; the available sources do not justify precise contemporary nationwide shares for individual ethnolinguistic or religious communities. The 2026 humanitarian-needs figures measure people requiring assistance, not an additional population. [20] [18]

Government and Institutions

Form of state
Republic with military-dominated transitional institutions and rival de facto wartime administrations; not a functioning ordinary constitutional democracy. [9] [10]
Internationally recognized state framework
Transitional Sovereignty Council and the SAF-aligned “Government of Hope” administration. [9] [11]
Head of state
Abdel Fattah al-Burhan, president/chair of the Transitional Sovereignty Council and commander of the Sudanese Armed Forces. [11] [10]
Head of government
Prime Minister Kamil Idris, appointed in May 2025. [11] [9]
Prime minister’s November 2026 location
The Sudan News Agency reported the prime minister carrying out official meetings in Khartoum in early November 2026. [15]
Foreign affairs portfolio
Mohi El-Din Salem Ahmed Ibrahim in the Australian foreign ministry’s current head-of-government listing. [11]
Defense command
Sudanese Armed Forces (SAF), led by Abdel Fattah al-Burhan. [10]
Major rival armed force
Rapid Support Forces (RSF), led by Mohamed Hamdan Dagalo (“Hemedti”). [10]
RSF-aligned political organisation
Sudan Founding Alliance (Taasis), linked to the self-proclaimed Government of Peace and Unity. [10]
Rival administration seat
Nyala in South Darfur was identified as the base of the RSF-led parallel government. [9]
Rival administration’s claimed president
Mohamed Hamdan Dagalo, as head of its self-proclaimed presidential council (not internationally recognized as Sudan’s head of state). [10]
Rival administration’s claimed prime minister
Mohammed Hassan Osman al-Taishi was appointed by the RSF-aligned coalition in 2025; status remains subordinate to the non-recognized rival authority. [10]
International recognition caveat
UN, African Union and other partners have rejected the declaration of a competing Sudanese government. [10] [27]
Current sovereignty
Sudan remains one sovereign UN member state despite competing territorial administrations. [4] [27]
National parliament
No ordinary nationally elected legislature exercising effective authority throughout the country under wartime conditions. [9]
Constitutional status
Transitional and contested; the 2019 civilian–military constitutional framework was disrupted by the 2021 takeover and subsequent conflict. [9] [10]
National elections
No verified completed nationwide democratic election establishing a post-war government at the November 5, 2026 cutoff. [9]
Administrative divisions
Eighteen states, although service delivery and effective oversight are fragmented by conflict. [20] [9]
Darfur states
North Darfur, South Darfur, East Darfur, West Darfur and Central Darfur. [20]
Kordofan states
North Kordofan, South Kordofan and West Kordofan. [20]
Central Nile states
Khartoum, Gezira, White Nile, Blue Nile and Sennar. [20]
Northern and eastern states
Northern, River Nile, Red Sea, Kassala and Gedaref. [20]
Local governance
State and local administrative institutions vary by military control, displacement, staff availability and service conditions. [9]
Judicial and legal administration
Courts and legal services have suffered wartime interruption and uneven effective jurisdiction. [9] [20]
Protection of civilians
UN reporting identifies attacks on noncombatants, civilian infrastructure and humanitarian operations. [16] [17]
Conflict frontlines — October 2026
North and South Kordofan and Blue Nile were identified as major active areas in a UN Security Council briefing. [16]
Capital military situation
SAF regained Khartoum in 2025, but many public services and buildings remained damaged in 2026. [25] [20]
Peace and civilian transition
International diplomatic efforts emphasize ceasefire, humanitarian access, civilian participation, and preservation of national unity. [27]
Civil society
Sudanese civilian coalitions, professional groups, women’s networks and local committees remain important despite repression and displacement. [9]
Political reporting caution
Territorial control, appointments and institutional operation can change quickly; this snapshot is dated November 5, 2026. [9] [16]

Governance status: Al-Burhan and Idris are identified by diplomatic and European institutional references as leaders of the recognized transitional government; the RSF-backed rival entity is self-proclaimed and not internationally recognized. “Head of state” does not imply a popularly elected presidency. [11] [9] [10]

International Profile

United Nations membership
Member since November 12, 1956. [4]
African Union
Sudan is an AU member state, but its participation has been subject to suspension after the 2021 military takeover. [12] [27]
League of Arab States
Member of the Arab League and participant in regional diplomatic initiatives. [27]
IGAD
Sudan is part of the Horn of Africa regional context addressed by IGAD diplomacy; its relations with the organisation have fluctuated during the war. [27]
WTO status
Not a member of the World Trade Organization. [8]
Geopolitical location
Red Sea and Nile Basin country connecting Northeast Africa, the Sahel, the Horn of Africa and Arab regional networks. [3]
Principal international development relationships
UN humanitarian agencies, development banks, bilateral donors and local civil-society organisations are engaged in crisis response. [18] [19]
Neighbouring security dynamics
The conflict affects Chad, Egypt, Ethiopia, Eritrea, South Sudan, Libya and the Central African Republic through displacement and border risks. [20] [25]
Sudan–South Sudan relationship
Oil transport, borders, civilian displacement and the status of Abyei remain central bilateral questions. [24]
Abyei
Disputed area administered under special arrangements with a continuing UN security mission; final sovereignty remains unresolved. [22] [24]
UNISFA mandate at cutoff
Current extension runs to November 15, 2026, subject to future Security Council decisions. [23]
El Fasher human-rights documentation
UN investigators reported widespread crimes during the October 2025 RSF capture of El Fasher. [17]
Humanitarian agencies
UNICEF, WHO, the UN humanitarian system and partner organisations support emergency relief and essential services. [18] [19]
2026 humanitarian needs
33.7 million people assessed as needing humanitarian assistance (2026 planning estimate), not a census count. [18]
Humanitarian access risks
Fighting, attacks on aid transport, damaged roads, administrative barriers and funding gaps impede operations. [16] [20]
Refugees and displaced people
Population displacement spans internal sites and cross-border routes; published totals vary by reporting date and definition. [19] [20]
Civilian protection and accountability
UN institutions call for civilian protection, accountability for violations and compliance with international humanitarian law. [17] [16]
Food security risks
Conflict and 2026 rainfall deficits have compounded threats to crops, livestock and nutrition. [26]
World Heritage engagement
Sudan has three inscribed UNESCO World Heritage properties. [21]
Diplomatic political track
A June 2026 joint statement reiterated support for a sovereign, unified, democratic Sudan and a Sudanese-led political process. [27]
Economic integration obstacles
Sanctions, interrupted finance, transport damage and trade restrictions inhibit commercial integration. [7]
Data verification date
November 5, 2026; humanitarian, political and economic conditions are especially volatile. [16] [25]

Sources and Methodology

This is a concise contemporary reference profile, not an exhaustive political history or a live security assessment. Numerical values specify the original observation year wherever possible. World Bank GDP and population estimates, UNCTAD international-trade data, UN humanitarian planning estimates and diplomatic descriptions of state institutions refer to different reporting systems and must not be conflated. Conflict-related measurement gaps and legal disputes are described explicitly; the page was checked as of November 5, 2026.

Sources are ordered by first use within the editorial source register, not by relative importance. Access to a source may change after publication; MGU should recheck volatile figures and offices on subsequent updates.

  1. World Bank — Sudan country data — 2025 population, nominal GDP, GDP per capita and real GDP growth; dated life-expectancy and other indicators.
  2. World Bank — Sudan GDP, current US dollars — World Bank 2025 nominal GDP, US$60.1626 billion.
  3. CIA World Factbook historical geographic data — Sudan (2024 mirror) — Conventional total area of 1,861,484 km², boundaries, coastline and physical geography; archival country data.
  4. United Nations — Member States and admission dates — Sudan admitted to United Nations on November 12, 1956.
  5. United Nations — Sudan application for membership (January 1956) — Contemporaneous diplomatic documentation identifying January 1, 1956 as Sudan’s independence date.
  6. UNCTADstat — General Profile: Sudan — 2024 international merchandise exports US$3.134 billion and imports US$4.911 billion, partner data, services trade and estimated land-area series.
  7. UNDP Sudan — Private Sector Engagement Strategy (April 2026) — 2024–25 export composition, gold, livestock, sesame, gum arabic, key trading destinations and wartime commercial constraints; graphical category values are approximate.
  8. WTO Tariff & Trade Data — Sudan — WTO non-member status, older 2018 detailed product and import tables; not contemporary trade totals.
  9. EU Agency for Asylum — Sudan: Country Focus, October 2026 — Wartime institutional fragmentation, army-led government, Kamil Idris, rival RSF authority and regional control.
  10. EU Agency for Asylum — Sudan: Security Situation, October 2026 — Leadership and the 2025 formation of self-proclaimed RSF parallel authorities; October 2026 country-of-origin security analysis.
  11. Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade — Heads of Government: Sudan — Current listed head of state Abdel Fattah al-Burhan and Prime Minister Kamil Idris.
  12. African Union Permanent Mission — Republic of the Sudan (September 2026) — September 2026 country profile identifying Arabic and English as official languages and the historical independence date.
  13. SESRIC / OIC — Sudan country profile — Independent country profile listing Arabic and English as official languages.
  14. United Nations Statistics Division — Census reference dates — Sudan’s latest completed nationwide population census: April–May 2008, before South Sudan separated.
  15. Sudan News Agency — national news portal — November 2026 official reporting locating cabinet and Prime Minister Kamil Idris in Khartoum.
  16. UN Department of Political and Peacebuilding Affairs — Sudan Security Council briefing (October 2026) — Conflict frontlines, protection of civilians, humanitarian access, infrastructure and continuing attacks.
  17. United Nations in Sudan / OHCHR — El Fasher violations, February 2026 — UN human-rights investigation into the October 2025 El Fasher offensive and reported war crimes.
  18. UNICEF Sudan — Humanitarian Mid-Year Situation Report 2026 — 2026 humanitarian needs estimate (33.7 million), displacement and health, nutrition and education response; reporting through June 2026.
  19. World Health Organization — Sudan public-health situation analysis 2026 — 2026 health emergency, 21 million requiring health assistance, service disruptions and displacement.
  20. UK Home Office — Sudan humanitarian situation, September 2026 — 2026 population and demography, languages and religions, civilian needs, displacement, infrastructure and humanitarian conditions.
  21. UNESCO World Heritage Centre — Sudan — Three UNESCO World Heritage properties in Sudan: two cultural and one natural.
  22. United Nations Interim Security Force for Abyei — factsheet — Abyei disputed-area status, UNISFA mandate, protection and demilitarization work.
  23. UN Security Council — Resolution 2802 (2025) — UNISFA mandate extended through November 15, 2026 at the editorial cutoff.
  24. UN Political and Peacebuilding Affairs — Horn of Africa briefing, November 5, 2026 — Outstanding Sudan–South Sudan bilateral issues and Abyei final status.
  25. Council on Foreign Relations — Global Conflict Tracker: Sudan — November 5, 2026 conflict overview, territorial fragmentation and humanitarian context.
  26. United Nations in Sudan — severe rainfall deficits, October 2026 — October 2026 food insecurity and rainfall deficits affecting agricultural areas of Darfur and Kordofan.
  27. European External Action Service — Joint Statement on Sudan, June 2026 — Multilateral consultations and support for Sudan’s sovereignty, unity and civilian political process.