Contents
Country Overview
Andorra is a small landlocked parliamentary co-principality in the eastern Pyrenees between France and Spain. Its constitution gives the French president and the Bishop of Urgell joint head-of-state roles, while elected institutions govern daily affairs. Tourism, finance, commerce and proximity to the European single market underpin its service economy.
CapitalAndorra la VellaAdministrative capital [1]
Residents89,058National / IMF, end 2025 [3]
GDPUS$4.50 billionWorld Bank, 2025 [2]
Head of governmentXavier EspotReelected following 2023 election [7]
Co-princesMacron / SerranoFrench and episcopal heads of state [5]
World Heritage1 propertyUNESCO, November 2026 [15]
Data and status note: Andorra’s government/IMF resident population was 89,058 at the end of 2025, while the World Bank annual population series lists 82,904 for 2025; these employ different definitions and should not be presented as the same figure. Andorra uses the euro under a monetary agreement but is not a member state of the EU or euro area. The 2026 association-agreement process requires separate legal steps before any full implementation.
Identity & State Formation
- Official name
- Principality of Andorra (Principat d’Andorra). [1]
- Capital
- Andorra la Vella. [1]
- Region
- Southwestern Europe, eastern Pyrenees. [1]
- State form
- Independent parliamentary co-principality. [1]
- Constitution
- Adopted by referendum in 1993. [1]
- Head of state
- Two co-princes acting jointly under constitutional rules. [1]
- French co-prince
- The sitting President of the French Republic. [1]
- Episcopal co-prince
- The Bishop of Urgell, in Spain. [1]
- Head of government
- Cap de Govern (prime minister). [1]
- Parliament
- General Council (Consell General). [1]
- Official language
- Catalan. [1]
- Currency
- Euro under a monetary agreement with the European Union. [1]
- Official religion
- No state religion in the constitution; special historical relationship with Catholicism. [1]
- National day
- September 8, Our Lady of Meritxell Day. [1]
- Country calling code
- +376. [1]
- Internet domain
- .ad. [1]
- Time zone
- Central European Time UTC+1, daylight saving UTC+2. [1]
- United Nations entry
- 1993. [1]
- International identity
- Sovereign state; not part of France or Spain. [1]
- Historic origins
- Medieval political arrangements linked to the bishop and the Counts of Foix. [20]
- Paréage agreements
- Treaties of 1278 and 1288 formalized divided lordship. [20]
- Historical legacy
- Co-principality evolved into a parliamentary system. [20]
- Constitutional modernization
- 1993 constitutional settlement established contemporary sovereignty and institutions. [20]
- Flag
- Blue, yellow and red vertical stripes with national coat of arms. [20]
- National symbols
- Heraldry reflects historical connections with neighboring lands. [20]
- Local administration
- Seven parishes (parròquies). [20]
- Cultural setting
- Catalan-speaking Pyrenean society with French and Spanish ties. [20]
Geography & Population
- Total area
- 468 square kilometers. [1]
- Landlocked
- No coastline. [1]
- Borders
- France to the north and east; Spain to the south and west. [1]
- Topography
- High mountain valleys in the eastern Pyrenees. [1]
- Capital elevation
- Andorra la Vella is among the higher-elevation European capitals. [1]
- Highest summit
- Coma Pedrosa, approximately 2,943 meters. [1]
- Principal waterways
- Valira river system and headwater streams. [1]
- Valley settlement
- Population concentrates along connected valleys. [1]
- Forest and alpine zone
- Mountain forests, meadows and rocky highlands. [1]
- Land transport
- Cross-border roads provide the main access to other countries. [1]
- Airport access
- International air service is largely reached through neighboring states. [1]
- Border crossings
- Road crossings connect with Catalonia and Occitanie. [1]
- Physical setting
- Steep gradients constrain flat land and urban expansion. [1]
- Winter recreation
- Altitude supports mountain tourism and skiing. [1]
- Climate type
- High-mountain climate with elevational differences. [17]
- Winter conditions
- Cold temperatures and significant snow at high elevations. [17]
- Summer conditions
- Mild-to-warm valleys and cooler mountain ridges. [17]
- Mountain hazards
- Avalanches, flash flooding and rockfall. [17]
- Climate impacts
- Warming threatens low-elevation snow reliability. [17]
- Water supply
- Snowpack and alpine runoff affect downstream water availability. [17]
- Biodiversity
- Protected valley and high-mountain ecosystems support varied species. [17]
- Conservation
- Protected landscapes coexist with tourism and development pressures. [17]
- End-2025 resident population
- 89,058. [3]
- 2024–2025 population trend
- Continued growth supported partly by immigration. [3]
- 2024 life expectancy
- IMF materials identify long life expectancy near 84 years. [3]
- Population profile
- Large working-age resident share reflects labor immigration. [3]
- National estimate
- National resident-register figures should be identified by date and definition. [3]
- World Bank 2025 population
- 82,904. [2]
- World Bank 2025 growth
- Approximately +1.2 percent. [2]
- World Bank net migration 2025
- Estimated +843. [2]
- Method difference
- WB annual model and Andorran resident register use differing coverage. [2]
- Per-capita interpretation
- World Bank 2025 GDP per capita uses the World Bank population denominator. [2]
Two population measures, 2025
The resident-register/IMF population and World Bank annual series use different population definitions. [3] [2]
| Series | Reference date | Population |
|---|---|---|
| Andorran resident / IMF | End of 2025 | 89,058 |
| World Bank annual series | 2025 | 82,904 |
| Difference | Not a like-for-like measure | 6,154 |
Economy & International Trade
- GDP nominal 2025
- US$4.50 billion. [2]
- GDP per capita 2025
- Approximately US$54,291 in current dollars. [2]
- Real GDP growth 2025
- 3.9 percent. [2]
- Economic category
- High-income service-oriented economy. [2]
- Output denominator
- World Bank series uses its own annual population estimate. [2]
- IMF estimated 2025 inflation
- 2.4 percent. [3]
- Current-account surplus 2025
- Approximately 16 percent of GDP, IMF estimate. [3]
- Public debt 2025
- Approximately 30.3 percent of GDP, IMF indicator. [3]
- Macroeconomic drivers
- Financial services, real estate, construction and travel supported 2025 growth. [3]
- 2026 growth projection
- 2.1 percent in May 2026 IMF forecast, not a realized result. [3]
- Medium-term growth
- IMF assessed long-run potential near 1.5 percent. [3]
- Financial-sector capital
- Bank solvency and supervision are regular IMF review topics. [3]
- Construction
- Real-estate and housing activity is economically significant. [3]
- Housing affordability
- Rapid resident growth increases housing-market pressure. [3]
- Employment conditions
- Labor demand is high in tourism and service industries. [3]
- Seasonal labor
- Tourist peaks influence labor-market demand. [3]
- Tourism exposure
- Visitors from Spain and France are central to travel activity. [3]
- Debt policy
- Public-debt sustainability is tracked as a share of GDP. [3]
- Economic diversification
- Fintech, professional services and value-added tourism are policy interests. [3]
- External shocks
- Border disruption can affect commerce and tourism. [3]
- Energy costs
- Most fossil fuel requirements are imported. [3]
- Price exposure
- Imported prices influence domestic inflation. [3]
- Risk management
- Avalanches, weather and cross-border transport are economic vulnerabilities. [3]
- Merchandise exports 2025
- US$277 million in the WTO-sourced World Bank series. [12]
- Goods-export scope
- Physical merchandise only, excluding tourism services. [12]
- Export concentration
- Small domestic manufacturing and re-exports affect the goods figures. [12]
- Export markets
- Spain and France dominate near-border commerce. [12]
- Merchandise imports 2025
- US$2.183 billion in the WTO-sourced World Bank series. [13]
- Merchandise deficit
- Imports substantially exceed exports of goods. [13]
- Domestic supply
- Many consumer products and industrial inputs are imported. [13]
- Trading geography
- Spain and France provide transport corridors and supply chains. [13]
- Goods-versus-services
- Travel and financial services are excluded from merchandise trade. [13]
- Trade valuation
- Goods-series customs basis differs from balance-of-payments goods and services. [13]
- Euro use
- Legal euro circulation is based on agreement, not euro-area membership. [11]
- Monetary sovereignty
- Andorra has no independent national monetary currency. [11]
- Coinage
- Andorra may issue euro coins under agreement conditions. [11]
- ECB status
- Andorra has no independent seat on the ECB Governing Council. [11]
- Financial regulation
- Domestic banking is supervised through Andorran institutions. [11]
2025 economic profile
World Bank current-dollar GDP and real growth; IMF inflation and fiscal ratios. [2] [3]
| Indicator | Value | Source / basis |
|---|---|---|
| Nominal GDP | US$4.50 billion | World Bank |
| GDP per capita | US$54,291 | World Bank |
| Real GDP growth | 3.9% | World Bank / IMF |
| Inflation | 2.4% | IMF |
| Public debt / GDP | 30.3% | IMF |
WTO merchandise trade, 2025
Physical goods only; services and balance-of-payments trade follow different conventions. [12] [13]
| Indicator | 2025 | Unit |
|---|---|---|
| Merchandise exports | 277 | US$ million |
| Merchandise imports | 2,183 | US$ million |
| Goods trade deficit | 1,906 | US$ million (calculated) |
People & Society
- National language
- Catalan is the sole official language. [20]
- Other common languages
- Spanish, Portuguese and French widely used in daily life. [20]
- Local identity
- Pyrenean cultural traditions coexist with an international resident population. [20]
- Historical Christianity
- Catholic practice and institutions hold longstanding cultural influence. [20]
- Religious freedom
- Constitution protects freedom of religion. [20]
- National heritage
- Romanesque churches are a distinctive architectural tradition. [20]
- Mountain agriculture
- Traditional livestock grazing shaped upland landscapes. [20]
- Village pattern
- Parish centers, stone houses and valley settlements characterize the built environment. [20]
- Cuisine
- Catalan mountain cooking emphasizes hearty seasonal ingredients. [20]
- Festivals
- Local parish festivals and national celebrations remain prominent. [20]
- Retail culture
- Cross-border shopping has long been economically significant. [20]
- Winter sports
- Ski culture attracts international visitors. [20]
- Hiking
- Mountain trail systems are central to recreation. [20]
- Mountain conservation
- Landscape preservation is part of national identity. [20]
- Demographic composition
- International residents form a substantial part of society. [3]
- Life expectancy
- High life expectancy creates long-term eldercare and pension questions. [3]
- Aging
- Long-run population aging will increase pressure on public spending. [3]
- Housing pressure
- High demand for housing affects affordability. [3]
- Labor demand
- Tourism and construction recruit international workers. [3]
- Social policy
- Health services and pension sustainability are ongoing priorities. [3]
- Household conditions
- Income indicators mask distribution and housing-cost differences. [3]
- Poverty methodology
- National at-risk-of-poverty measures are not equivalent to extreme poverty measures. [3]
- Intangible heritage
- UNESCO separately tracks transnational traditions and cultural practices. [16]
- Falles of Pyrenees
- Summer fire festivals are part of shared Pyrenean intangible heritage. [16]
- Dry-stone building
- Traditional dry-stone knowledge connects to broader Mediterranean heritage. [16]
- Bear festivals
- Pyrenean bear festival traditions are part of cross-border cultural inheritance. [16]
- Heritage categories
- Intangible practices should not be added to the physical World Heritage count. [16]
- Health coverage
- Andorra provides public and privately delivered care. [19]
- Healthcare access
- Cross-border specialist medical links can be important. [19]
- Education system
- Catalan, Spanish and French schooling systems have historic roles. [19]
- Multilingual competence
- Language skills support commerce and border exchange. [19]
- Small-state services
- Cross-border cooperation supplements specialized public services. [19]
Government & Institutions
- French co-prince
- Emmanuel Macron. [5]
- Episcopal co-prince
- Josep-Lluís Serrano Pentinat. [5]
- Head of government
- Xavier Espot Zamora. [5]
- Foreign minister
- Imma Tor. [5]
- Head-of-state design
- The two co-princes exercise constitutionally defined joint roles. [5]
- Political accountability
- The head of government depends on legislative support. [5]
- Co-prince continuity
- The French role belongs to the office of president, not hereditary succession. [5]
- Episcopal succession
- Serrano Pentinat became co-prince on May 31, 2025. [6]
- Previous bishop
- Joan-Enric Vives held the episcopal co-prince role previously. [6]
- Church-state structure
- The episcopal role is constitutional and historically derived. [6]
- Duality
- A foreign secular leader and a Spanish diocesan bishop serve as co-princes. [6]
- General election
- April 2, 2023. [7]
- General Council
- 28 members in the 2023 election. [7]
- Term
- Normally four years. [7]
- Democrats for Andorra and allies
- 17 seats in IPU election breakdown. [7]
- Concordia and allies
- Five seats in 2023. [7]
- Andorra Forward
- Three seats in 2023. [7]
- Social Democratic / SDP alliance
- Three seats in 2023. [7]
- 2023 majority
- The governing alliance secured a parliamentary majority. [7]
- Parliamentary election method
- Half national-list, half parish-based representation. [7]
- Parish constituencies
- Seven parishes each return two councilors. [7]
- National constituency
- 14 members elected from a national list. [7]
- Government selection
- General Council elects the head of government. [7]
- Constitutional framework
- Constitutional parliamentary co-principality since 1993. [8]
- Legislative body
- Unicameral General Council. [8]
- Judiciary
- Courts and constitutional tribunal exercise distinct jurisdiction. [8]
- Local government
- Seven parish councils (comuns). [8]
- Public finance
- General Council approves public budgets. [8]
- Local services
- Parish authorities manage local public functions. [8]
- Citizenship
- Citizenship and residence are distinct legal categories. [8]
- Electoral franchise
- Andorran citizenship determines parliamentary voting eligibility. [8]
- Institutional safeguards
- Co-princes are arbiters and symbols within constitutionally defined limits. [8]
- Administrative law
- Independent judiciary and constitutional protections shape legislation. [8]
General Council election: April 2023
IPU seat distribution for 28 members; party alignments may evolve during the term. [7]
| Party / electoral alliance | Seats | Total seats |
|---|---|---|
| Democrats for Andorra and allies | 17 | 28 |
| Concordia and allies | 5 | 28 |
| Andorra Forward | 3 | 28 |
| Social Democratic Party–SDP | 3 | 28 |
International Profile
- EU membership
- Andorra is not a member state of the European Union. [10]
- Association agreement
- EU Council authorized signing and provisional application steps in July 2026. [10]
- Ratification
- Authorization is not the same as final ratification or broad application. [10]
- Single-market rules
- Proposed agreement would deepen selected market integration. [10]
- European Parliament
- Consent is required for the EU legal conclusion process. [10]
- Domestic process
- Andorran constitutional approval and political steps remain relevant. [10]
- Customs relation
- A long-standing customs relationship covers selected goods. [10]
- Border cooperation
- Close bilateral relations with France and Spain are essential. [10]
- Euro area
- Andorra is not an euro-area member state. [11]
- Euro cash
- Uses euro notes and authorized Andorran coins. [11]
- Monetary agreement
- Distinct from an accession treaty to the EU. [11]
- Banking cooperation
- Financial regulation involves cross-border standards. [11]
- World Heritage properties
- One. [15]
- Madriu-Perafita-Claror Valley
- Cultural landscape inscribed in 2004. [15]
- Landscape significance
- Documents longstanding mountain land use and pastoralism. [15]
- Tentative-list site
- A nomination concerning the material history of Andorran statehood is on the tentative list. [15]
- Count distinction
- A tentative property is not an inscribed World Heritage property. [15]
- UNESCO categories
- The sole listed property is cultural. [15]
- United Nations membership
- 1993. [1]
- Council of Europe
- Member of the regional human-rights system. [1]
- OSCE
- Participates in European security institutions. [1]
- IMF
- Member; subject to Article IV economic surveillance. [1]
- WTO
- Observer government, not a WTO member; accession process remains open. [21]
- Bilateral priorities
- Relations with France and Spain dominate geography and trade. [1]
- Diplomatic identity
- Independent small European state with a distinctive dual head of state. [1]
- International cooperation
- Education, tax transparency and financial standards are prominent issues. [1]
UNESCO heritage and proposed designations
The UNESCO tentative list should never be counted as an inscription. [15]
| Designation | Status | Year |
|---|---|---|
| Madriu-Perafita-Claror Valley | World Heritage inscription | 2004 |
| Material evidence of the Pyrenean state | Tentative list | 2021 |
International status snapshot
Participation in agreements is different from member-state status. [10] [11] [1]
| Institution | Status | Context |
|---|---|---|
| United Nations | Member | Since 1993 |
| European Union | Not a member | 2026 association process |
| Euro area | Not a member | Euro monetary agreement |
| World Trade Organization | Member | International trade rules |
Sources & Methodology
This page compiles dated official statistical releases, World Bank indicators, international treaty and parliamentary documentation, and UNESCO inventories. Figures follow the referenced source definitions; population estimates, censuses, register counts, national-currency trade figures and internationally converted merchandise series should not be treated as interchangeable. Government and elections are documented as of the cutoff date, with contested institutional claims appropriately qualified.
Editorial cutoff: November 6, 2026 (Pacific Time). This is a dated reference edition; official statistical and political updates after the cutoff require review.
- European External Action Service — 2026 Andorra country fiche — National institutions, territorial area and current co-princes.
- World Bank — Andorra country indicators — 2025 annual population, nominal GDP and growth.
- IMF — May 2026 Article IV consultation with Andorra — 2025 population, inflation, economic and fiscal indicators.
- IMF — Andorra March 2026 mission statement — Economic outlook and public policy risks.
- Australian DFAT — Andorra heads of government — Co-princes, prime minister and foreign minister.
- Government of Andorra — new episcopal co-prince, May 2025 — Josep-Lluís Serrano Pentinat succeeded Joan-Enric Vives.
- IPU PARLINE — Andorra April 2023 general election — 28-seat General Council election and party allocation.
- Andorran Chamber of Commerce — Andorra en Xifres — Constitutional structure, parliamentary representation and local administration.
- Government of Andorra — official portal — State administration and policy.
- EU Council — July 2026 association agreement authorization — EU Council agreement on signature and provisional application, subject to further steps.
- European Commission — monetary relations with Andorra — Euro monetary agreement without EU membership.
- World Bank / WTO — merchandise exports — WTO-based annual 2025 goods-export totals in US dollars.
- World Bank / WTO — merchandise imports — WTO-based annual 2025 goods-import totals in US dollars.
- World Bank WITS — Andorra trade snapshot — Comtrade methodology and older 2023 trade evidence.
- UNESCO World Heritage Centre — Andorra — One inscription and separate tentative list.
- UNESCO — Andorra country cultural profile — Intangible heritage inscriptions and other UNESCO designations.
- World Bank Climate Knowledge Portal — Andorra — Mountain climate and exposure.
- IMF — Andorra membership and economy — IMF reporting and economic indicators.
- World Health Organization — Andorra profile — Public health and population services.
- Encyclopaedia Britannica — Andorra — Geography, history and culture.
- WTO — Andorra observer and accession status — Andorra is an observer government pursuing accession; it is not a WTO member.