Aikin Ƙarshe: Hulɗa Mai Zaman Kanta
Chapter Overview
Chapter 20 closes Unit IV and closes Volume II. No new grammar system and no new vocabulary domain are introduced in this chapter. Instead, this chapter brings together the reason, condition, comparison, and reference-tracking systems developed across Chapters 16–19, together with the fuller TAM/aspect, negation, focus, and prepositional systems consolidated earlier in Units II and III, in one integrated familiar-domain project. You will plan an event, discuss and revise the plan, compare options, give reasons, attach conditions, announce the outcome to a group, and narrate how the plan came together — combining listening, speaking, reading, and writing in a single connected task. This chapter formally assesses the systems scheduled across Chapters 16 through 19 and marks your transition point from Volume II toward Volume III: Independent Communication.
Learning Objectives
By the end of this chapter, you will be able to:
- Plan and discuss an event or arrangement using future/intention expressions and connected sentence sequencing developed since Chapter 16.
- State a reason for a decision using domin and tunda.
- Attach a condition to a plan using idan.
- Compare two options, plans, or arrangements using fiye da and kamar.
- Announce a decision or change to a group using ana sanar da, a sani cewa, and an canza.
- Close a message or presentation politely using da fatan.
- Track a named person, place, or event across several connected sentences without unnecessary repetition.
- Narrate, in connected form, how a plan was made, discussed, revised, and finally decided.
- Complete an integrated listening, speaking, reading, and writing project that draws on vocabulary and grammar from across Volume II.
- Self-assess readiness to move from Volume II to Volume III: Independent Communication.
Communication Scenario
Amina, Bala, and Musa's community group has now announced the change of venue for their celebration and posted the news at the mosque and the market. With the event only weeks away, the group must finish planning the celebration itself: deciding on food, arranging contributions, comparing options for entertainment, and preparing a final announcement and a short account of how the planning went. This final project follows their planning from the first meeting to the finished event, and asks you to complete a similar project of your own.
- No new vocabulary domain is introduced in this chapter. All vocabulary is drawn from Chapters 1–19, with heaviest reliance on Chapters 14–19.
- No new grammar system is introduced. This chapter formally assesses tunda, idan, fiye da, kamar, reference tracking, and the announcement expressions introduced in Chapters 16–19, alongside TAM/aspect, negation, and focus systems consolidated in Units II and III.
- This chapter functions as the Volume II capstone: performance here provides the primary evidence for readiness to begin Volume III.
- Vocabulary and grammar from Units I, II, and III remain fully active and are expected to appear accurately throughout the project.
Core Vocabulary
No new vocabulary is introduced in Chapter 20. The table below reviews the highest-value connector, comparison, and announcement expressions from Chapters 16–19 that this chapter's project depends on most heavily. All other vocabulary from Chapters 1–19 remains active.
| Boko | Meaning | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| tunda | since, given that | reason connector; introduces a reason the listener already accepts (Ch. 16) |
| domin | because, in order to | reason connector; active since earlier chapters, recycled through Ch. 16–19 |
| idan | if | condition connector; introduces a genuine future condition (Ch. 17) |
| fiye da | more than | comparison expression (Ch. 17) |
| kamar | like, as | comparison expression (Ch. 17) |
| watakila | perhaps, maybe | hedging expression for tentative plans and suggestions (Ch. 18) |
| warware / magani | to resolve / solution, remedy | problem-solution vocabulary (Ch. 18) |
| ana sanar da... / a sani cewa | it is announced that... / be it known that... | formal announcement openers (Ch. 19) |
| an canza | it has been changed | reported-change frame (Ch. 19) |
| da fatan | it is hoped that | polite closing formula (Ch. 19) |
Pronunciation Focus
This chapter's pronunciation focus is consolidation rather than a new sound or contrast. As your sentences grow longer and more connected — moving from a single announcement sentence to a full multi-sentence narration of how a plan developed — keep the even syllable rhythm already practiced since earlier chapters, and continue to observe tone and vowel length in high-value words such as tunda, idan, fiye da, sanarwa, and da fatan. Pay particular attention to phrase-final rhythm: connected Hausa narration should not speed up or flatten in tone toward the end of a long sentence. Practice reading your final written project aloud at a controlled, even pace before recording your speaking task.
Grammar and Sentence Patterns
This chapter introduces no new grammar system. It integrates and formally assesses the four systems developed since Chapter 16 — reason and condition, comparison, reference tracking, and announcement/update language — together with the TAM/aspect, negation, and focus systems consolidated across Units II and III.
20.1 Reviewing: Connecting a full planning narration
A connected narration of a plan typically moves through several stages: an initial idea or need, a discussion, one or more reasons, a condition attached to the plan, a comparison between options, a decision, and an announcement. Each stage can be linked using the connectors already active since Chapter 16, without introducing any new connecting device.
- Da farko, mun yanke shawarar shirya biki, domin al'umma tana son yin bikin murnar kammala gyaran zauren.At first, we decided to organize a celebration, because the community wanted to celebrate finishing the hall repair.
- Sai muka tattauna zaɓuɓɓuka, tunda ba mu tabbata ko za mu sami isasshen kuɗi ba.Then we discussed the options, since we weren't sure we would have enough money.
20.2 Reviewing: Condition and comparison in decision-making
As in Chapters 17–18, idan introduces a genuine future condition, and fiye da and kamar compare two options against each other or against an expectation. These forms are expected to be used accurately in this chapter's project, consistent with their developing (not yet fully consolidated) status noted since Chapter 16.
20.3 Reviewing: Announcing the final decision
- Ana sanar da al'umma cewa an gama shirin bikin, kuma za a gudanar da shi ranar Asabar mai zuwa a makarantar al'umma.It is announced to the community that the celebration plan is finished, and it will be held next Saturday at the community school.
- A sani cewa duk wanda yake son bayar da gudummawa, ya kai ta ga kwamitin gudanarwa kafin ranar Alhamis.Be it known that anyone who wishes to contribute should bring it to the organizing committee before Thursday.
These announcement expressions, introduced in Chapter 19, are used here to close a planning narration with a clear, public decision, often followed by da fatan as a polite closing wish.
20.4 Reviewing: Reference tracking across a long narration
The longer a narration becomes, the more important reference tracking is. Once a group, event, or plan has been named, continue referring to it with a pronoun, an omitted subject, or a natural connector, rather than repeating the full name in every sentence.
- Kwamitin gudanarwa ya fara tattaunawa a kan bikin makonni uku da suka wuce. Sun tattauna zaɓuɓɓuka da dama, sai suka zaɓi mafi kyawun shirin, kuma yanzu suna shirin sanar da al'umma.The organizing committee started discussing the celebration three weeks ago. They discussed several options, then chose the best plan, and now they are preparing to inform the community."Kwamitin gudanarwa" named once; "sun/suna" (they) track the reference across three following clauses
Atisayen ƙa'ida — Grammar practice: Complete each sentence with the word or expression that fits.
- Mun zaɓi wannan shirin ___ (domin/da fatan) ya fi sauƙi ga kowa.
- ___ (Idan/Kamar) mutane sun bayar da gudummawa da yawa, za mu iya shirya babban biki.
- Waƙa ta fi rawa daɗi ___ (fiye da/tunda) yadda muke zato.
- ___ (Ana sanar da/Watakila) cewa an gama shirin bikin gaba ɗaya.
Model Dialogue
Yanayin hali: Makonni bayan sanarwar farko, Amina, Bala, da Musa suna gama shirin bikin murnar gyaran zauren al'umma, kuma suna shirin sanar da al'umma ƴan sa'o'i kafin ranar biki.
(Setting: Weeks after the first announcement, Amina, Bala, and Musa are finishing the plan for the celebration marking the community hall repair, and are preparing to inform the community a few hours before the event.)
Tambayoyin fahimta — Comprehension questions:
- What did the elders decide was more important, and why does that matter for planning?
- What condition leads the group to gather food contributions from households?
- How does Musa compare this year's music plan to last year's?
- What are the two pieces of information in the final announcement?
- What does Musa hope for, and what reason does he give?
Guided Practice
Aikin gane — Recognition: Underline every reason connector, condition connector, comparison expression, and announcement expression in the Model Dialogue, and label which chapter (16, 17, 18, or 19) first introduced each one.
Aikin zaɓi — Selection: Choose the correct word for each blank: (1) ___ (Tunda/Kamar) ba mu da isasshen kuɗi, za mu tara gudummawa. (2) Abinci ya fi muhimmanci ___ (fiye da/idan) waƙa a wannan biki.
Aikin gyara maimaici — Reference-tracking correction: Rewrite the following short passage, replacing unnecessary name repetition with pronouns or omitted subjects where natural: Kwamitin gudanarwa ya tattauna shirin. Kwamitin gudanarwa ya zaɓi ranar biki. Kwamitin gudanarwa ya rubuta sanarwar ƙarshe.
Aikin haɗawa — Sentence-combination practice: Combine each pair of short sentences into one connected sentence using tunda, idan, fiye da, or kamar, choosing the connector that best fits the meaning: (a) Ba mu da kuɗi da yawa. Za mu tara gudummawa daga gidaje. (b) Waƙa ta fi sauƙi shiryawa. Babban abinci ya fi wahala.
Listening Practice
Ask your instructor, a partner, or a text-to-speech tool to read the following passage aloud, twice. Answer the questions after listening. This task assesses your comprehension of a full connected planning narration.
Sauraro — Labarin Shirin Bikin Makarantar Unguwa (Listening: The Story of the Neighborhood School's Celebration Plan)
"Malaman makarantar unguwarmu sun yanke shawarar shirya biki domin murnar kammala sabon ɗakin karatu. Da farko, sun tattauna ko za su gayyaci iyaye ne kawai ko kuma su gayyaci dukkan al'umma, tunda ɗakin karatu ba shi da girma sosai. Idan dukkan al'umma ta zo, zauren makarantar ba zai isa ba, don haka suka yanke shawarar gayyatar iyaye da wasu shugabannin al'umma kaɗai. Sun yi tattaunawa game da abinci, kuma sun gano cewa shan shayi da kek ya fi sauƙi shiryawa fiye da babban abinci. A ƙarshe, sun rubuta sanarwa kuma suka ce, 'Ana sanar da iyaye cewa za a yi ɗan biki na kammala ɗakin karatu ranar Juma'a mai zuwa, bayan sallar Juma'a. Da fatan iyaye za su zo tare da ɗiyansu domin ganin sabon ɗakin karatu.'"
Kula na sauraro — Questions: (1) What are the teachers celebrating? (2) What two options did they discuss for guests, and which did they choose, and why? (3) What food did they decide on, and why? (4) When is the celebration, and who is invited to attend?
Rubutun sauraro don malami, abokin karatu, ko amfani da rubutun lantarki. Duba amsoshi a sashi na amsoshi.
(Listening Script for Instructor, Partner, or Text-to-Speech Use. See Answer Key for expected responses.)
Speaking Practice
Atisayen ƙa'ida — Controlled substitution drill
With a partner, take turns stating a reason, a condition, and a comparison about a familiar plan (a family event, a community activity, a work task), using domin/tunda, idan, and fiye da/kamar in turn.
Tattaunawa — Communicative task
With a partner, role-play the final planning conversation for an event of your choice. Together, discuss at least one reason, one condition, one comparison between two options, and close with a short spoken announcement that includes ana sanar da or a sani cewa and ends with da fatan. Include one moment of communication repair.
Madadin karatu kai tsaye — Solo alternative
Record yourself narrating, in at least eight connected sentences, how a real or invented plan came together from its first idea to its final announcement. Include at least one reason, one condition, one comparison, one announcement expression, and one closing wish with da fatan, while tracking the plan or group across the sentences without repeating names unnecessarily.
Reading Practice
Read the short community narration below. Underline every reason and condition connector, circle every comparison expression, and put a box around every announcement or closing expression.
Labari — Shirin Taron Matasa (Story: The Youth Meeting Plan)
Matasan unguwarmu sun yanke shawarar shirya taro domin tattauna yadda za su taimaki tsofaffi a lokacin damina. Da farko, sun yi shakku a kan ranar taron, tunda mutane da yawa suna aiki a ranakun mako. Idan sun zaɓi ranar Lahadi, mutane da yawa za su iya zuwa fiye da kowace rana, don haka suka zaɓi Lahadi. Sun kuma tattauna ko za su tara kuɗi ko kayan abinci, kuma sun gano cewa kayan abinci sun fi sauƙi tarawa kamar yadda suka yi a shekarar bara. A ƙarshe, shugaban matasan ya ce, "A sani cewa duk wanda yake son shiga aikin taimako, ya zo taron Lahadi mai zuwa da karfe goma na safe. Da fatan matasa da dattawa za su yi aiki tare domin taimakon al'umma."
Tambayoyin fahimta — Comprehension questions:
- Why did the youth decide to hold this meeting?
- Why did they choose Sunday over the weekdays?
- What did they decide to collect, and why?
- What does the youth leader hope for at the end of the message?
Writing Workshop
- Karanta labarin da hankali. Reread the youth meeting story and notice how it links an initial goal, a reason, a condition, a comparison, a decision, and a closing announcement into one connected narration.
- Tsarawa. Plan a short narration of a real or invented plan you know about (personal, family, or community), from its first idea through discussion, a reason, a condition, a comparison between two options, and a final decision.
- Rubuta. Write 150–180 words in Hausa. Include a clear opening stating the plan's goal, one reason with domin or tunda, one condition with idan, one comparison with fiye da or kamar, a reported decision or change with an canza or a related expression, a closing announcement opener with ana sanar da or a sani cewa, a closing wish with da fatan, and at least two instances of reference tracking across the narration.
- Duba jerin bincike. Check your draft against the checklist below.
- Rubuta siffa ta ƙarshe. Produce a clean final version.
Jerin binciken gyara — Editing checklist:
- The narration opens with a clear statement of the plan's goal.
- A reason is expressed with domin or tunda.
- A condition is expressed with idan.
- A comparison is expressed with fiye da or kamar.
- A decision or change is reported using an canza or a related expression.
- An announcement is opened with ana sanar da or a sani cewa.
- The message closes politely with da fatan.
- At least two named people, places, or events are tracked afterward with pronouns or omitted subjects, not repeated by name.
- Prior systems from Units I–III (TAM/aspect, negation, focus, prepositions) remain accurate where they appear.
- No grammar or vocabulary beyond the cumulative Volume II scope appears.
- Special characters (ɓ, ɗ, ƙ, ƴ) and the apostrophe/glottal convention are used accurately.
Culture and Communication
Community events such as celebrations, school functions, and youth projects are often planned through rounds of discussion involving several stakeholders — organizing committees, elders, teachers, or youth leaders — rather than a single decision-maker. Consulting elders or respected community members before finalizing a plan, as seen in this chapter's dialogue and reading, reflects a common but not universal pattern of shared decision-making; the degree of consultation and the specific people consulted vary by community, setting, and the nature of the event.
The planning and announcement vocabulary in this chapter reflects a general, widely usable register suitable for community, family, and school contexts. More formal or institutional planning language, used for example in government, religious, or large-scale civic contexts, draws on a wider and more specialized vocabulary that is introduced for recognition in later volumes.
Common Mistakes
Error: *Tunda mutane da yawa sun bayar da gudummawa, za mu iya shirya babban biki. (using tunda to describe a condition that has not yet happened)
Correction: Idan mutane da yawa sun bayar da gudummawa, za mu iya shirya babban biki. — Tunda introduces a reason already accepted as true; idan introduces a genuine future condition. A plan that depends on something not yet decided needs idan, not tunda.
Error: *Kwamitin gudanarwa ya tattauna shirin. Kwamitin gudanarwa ya zaɓi ranar biki. Kwamitin gudanarwa ya rubuta sanarwar ƙarshe. (repeating the full committee name in every sentence of a longer narration)
Correction: Kwamitin gudanarwa ya tattauna shirin, sa'an nan ya zaɓi ranar biki, kuma daga baya ya rubuta sanarwar ƙarshe. — As a narration grows longer, reference tracking becomes more, not less, important. Continue with a pronoun, an omitted subject, or a connector once the subject is established.
Chapter Summary
This chapter introduced no new vocabulary or grammar. Instead, it integrated the reason and condition connectors domin, tunda, and idan; the comparison expressions fiye da and kamar; the announcement and update language ana sanar da, a sani cewa, and an canza; and the closing formula da fatan, all developed across Chapters 16–19, into a single connected planning narration that also tracks reference across multiple sentences. This chapter formally assessed these systems together with the fuller TAM/aspect, negation, and focus systems consolidated across Units II and III, and marks the completion of Volume II: Expanding Foundations for Independent Use.
Chapter Review
Sashi na A — Kalmomi (Vocabulary)
1. Give the Hausa for: because/since (two words), if, more than, like/as, perhaps, announcement opener (two expressions), it has been changed, it is hoped that.
Sashi na B — Nahawu (Grammar)
1. Write one sentence giving a reason with tunda and one sentence attaching a condition with idan, both about a plan you are familiar with.
2. Write one sentence comparing two options with fiye da, and one sentence closing an announcement with da fatan.
3. Rewrite this passage to correct unnecessary name repetition: Ƴan matan unguwa sun shirya taro. Ƴan matan unguwa sun gayyaci dattawa. Ƴan matan unguwa sun rubuta sanarwa.
Sashi na C — Karatu da Rubutu
1. Reread the youth meeting story and summarize it in three to four English sentences.
2. Write your 150–180-word narration, following the Writing Workshop instructions.
Sashi na D — Magana
1. With a partner or instructor, perform the communicative planning task from the Speaking Practice section.
Practical Performance Task
Aikin Aiwatarwa — Volume II Capstone
Aikin Ƙarshe: Hulɗa Mai Zaman Kanta — My Independent Planning Project
Complete all four components, drawing on vocabulary and grammar from across Volume II:
- Listening: Listen to the Neighborhood School Celebration narration and answer the comprehension questions.
- Speaking: With a partner, role-play the final planning conversation for an event of your choice, including a reason, a condition, a comparison, a spoken announcement, a closing wish with da fatan, and one instance of communication repair.
- Reading: Read the Youth Meeting story and answer the comprehension questions.
- Writing: Submit your 150–180-word connected narration of a plan, from its first idea to its final announcement.
Evaluation criteria: a clearly stated plan or goal; accurate use of domin/tunda for reason and idan for condition; accurate comparison with fiye da or kamar; a clear announcement opener with ana sanar da or a sani cewa; natural use of the closing formula da fatan; sustained reference tracking across the full narration; accurate integration of TAM/aspect, negation, and focus forms from Units I–III; natural use of communication repair; accurate ordinary Boko spelling and special characters. Consistent with A2–B1 expectations, comprehensible and task-fulfilling communication should not be penalized as though produced by an advanced speaker. Performance on this task provides the primary evidence for readiness to begin Volume III: Independent Communication.
Independent Study Tools
Self-check: Can you narrate, from start to finish, how a plan came together — stating its goal, giving a reason, attaching a condition, comparing two options, reporting the final decision, and closing with a polite wish — all while tracking a named person, place, or group across the whole narration without repeating names unnecessarily, without looking back at this chapter? If not, review Chapters 16–19 and Sections 20.1–20.4 before submitting your final performance task.
Vocabulary review method: Combine your flashcards from Chapters 14 through 20 into a single Unit IV set, and quiz yourself on which words state a reason, a condition, a comparison, or open and close an announcement.
Extra practice: Write or record two additional short planning narrations about events you know about, each with a different reason, condition, and comparison, and check your work against the Chapter 19 and Chapter 20 checklists before considering yourself ready for Volume III.
Answer Key / Amsoshi
Aikin zaɓi (Word selection)
- Tunda ba mu da isasshen kuɗi, za mu tara gudummawa.
- Abinci ya fi muhimmanci fiye da waƙa a wannan biki.
Aikin gyara maimaici (Reference-tracking correction)
Sample: Kwamitin gudanarwa ya tattauna shirin, sa'an nan ya zaɓi ranar biki, kuma daga baya ya rubuta sanarwar ƙarshe. (Other natural revisions that reduce repetition are acceptable.)
Aikin haɗawa (Sentence-combination practice)
Sample: (a) Tunda ba mu da kuɗi da yawa, za mu tara gudummawa daga gidaje. (b) Waƙa ta fi sauƙi shiryawa fiye da babban abinci. (Other accurate combinations are acceptable.)
Atisayen ƙa'ida (Grammar practice, Section 20)
- Mun zaɓi wannan shirin domin ya fi sauƙi ga kowa.
- Idan mutane sun bayar da gudummawa da yawa, za mu iya shirya babban biki.
- Waƙa ta fi rawa daɗi fiye da yadda muke zato. (kamar acceptable in a different sentence frame)
- Ana sanar da cewa an gama shirin bikin gaba ɗaya.
Tambayoyin fahimta na tattaunawa (Dialogue comprehension)
- The elders decided food is more important than music and dancing, which shapes how the group allocates its limited resources.
- Since the committee doesn't have enough money on its own, they decide to gather food contributions from several households.
- Musa says they will keep the music to just a few songs, as they did the previous year.
- The announcement states that the celebration plan is finished and that it will begin at two in the afternoon.
- Musa hopes everyone will come joyfully, because of all the effort the group put into organizing the celebration.
Kula na sauraro (Listening responses)
(1) The teachers are celebrating the completion of a new school library. (2) They discussed inviting only parents or the whole community; they chose parents and some community leaders because the library room is not large enough for everyone. (3) They chose tea and cake because it is easier to prepare than a big meal. (4) The celebration is next Friday after Friday prayers, and parents are invited to come with their children.
Tambayoyin karatu (Reading comprehension)
- The youth organized the meeting to discuss how to help elderly people during the rainy season.
- They chose Sunday because many people work on weekdays, so more people could attend on Sunday than on any other day.
- They decided to collect food items, because these were easier to collect than money, as they had done the previous year.
- The youth leader hopes the youth and elders will work together to help the community.
Sashi na B (Chapter Review grammar)
- Sample: Tunda mutane da yawa suna son taimako, mun shirya taro. / Idan lokaci ya yi kyau, za mu yi bikin a waje. (Other accurate sentences are acceptable.)
- Sample: Wannan shirin ya fi na bara sauƙi fiye da yadda muke tsammani. / Da fatan kowa zai amfana da wannan shirin.
- Ƴan matan unguwa sun shirya taro. Sun gayyaci dattawa, kuma sun rubuta sanarwa.
Sashi na C (Sample writing)
Iyalinmu sun yanke shawarar shirya bikin cika shekara na kakanmu, domin duk ƴan uwa suna son yin murna tare bayan shekaru da yawa ba tare ba. Da farko, mun tattauna ko za mu yi bikin a gidan kakanmu ko a wani babban wurin taro, tunda gidan bai isa ba idan duk ƴan uwa sun zo. Idan yawan mutane ya wuce hamsin, za mu haya babban zauren taro a unguwarmu. Mun kwatanta zaɓuɓɓukan biyu, kuma mun gano cewa babban zauren ya fi sauƙi fiye da yadda muke tsammani, domin yana da isasshen wurin ajiye mota. A ƙarshe, mun rubuta sanarwa ga dukkan ƴan uwa: Ana sanar da ƴan uwa cewa za mu yi bikin ranar Asabar mai zuwa a babban zauren taro na unguwa, daga karfe goma na safe. Da fatan kowa zai zo tare da ƴayansa domin murnar tare.
Other accurate, well-formed passages meeting the stated requirements are equally acceptable.
Looking Ahead
Abin da ka/ki koya — What you have learned
Across Unit IV, you developed reason and condition connectors, comparison expressions, announcement and update language, and reference tracking across connected discourse, applying these systems to plans, opinions, problems, community news, and, in this chapter, a full integrated planning project. Together with the vocabulary, TAM/aspect, negation, focus, and prepositional systems consolidated in Units I–III, these systems complete the developmental arc of Volume II: Expanding Foundations for Independent Use.