Kuɗi, Tattalin Arziki, da Iyalai
Chapter Overview
Chapter 9 continues Unit II and moves the conversation from technology and communication into money, economy, and households. You will learn to talk about prices, budgets, saving, spending, household expenses, and financial choices, while consolidating the systems developed in Chapters 6 through 8. The imperfective/habitual frame and the formulaic future-time expression with za continue to be used with growing independence, now applied to describing spending habits and financial plans. Object pronouns and possessive constructions continue as independently productive systems, this time referring to money, bills, and household items. Noun gender and plural continue to be recorded as lexical facts for every new noun, and the repair and negotiation formulas from Chapters 6 through 8 are recycled and extended into financial contexts, such as clarifying a price or correcting a misunderstanding about an amount of money. All vocabulary and grammar from Chapters 1 through 8 remain active. This chapter is the final content chapter of Unit II; Chapter 10 will integrate everything developed across Chapters 6 through 9 in a formal assessment.
Learning Objectives
By the end of this chapter, you will be able to:
- Identify and use at least twelve new active vocabulary items related to money, prices, budgeting, and household economy.
- Describe a household budget or spending routine using recycled location, possession, and quantity clauses.
- Use object pronouns with confidence to refer to money, bills, and household items already mentioned in a conversation.
- Use possessive constructions with na/ta to indicate ownership of money, an account, or a household item.
- Use the imperfective/habitual frame across a fuller range of subject markers to describe financial routines.
- Use the formulaic future-time pattern za a/za ka/za ki/za mu + verb to talk about paying, saving, or budgeting soon.
- Record the gender and plural form of new money- and household-related nouns as part of learning them.
- Use repair and clarification formulas in a financial context, such as asking someone to confirm a price or correct a miscounted amount.
- Read a short passage about a household budget and answer factual and inferential questions.
- Write a short paragraph describing a personal or household financial routine or choice, real or invented.
Communication Scenario
Maryam and her husband Salisu sit down at the end of the month to plan their household budget. Maryam explains how much she usually spends on food and how much she is trying to save each month. Salisu says he thinks the price of rice has gone up again and worries that their money will not stretch far enough this month. Maryam suggests that they reduce spending on a few things and offers to keep track of household expenses herself. Salisu agrees and asks her to remind him before he spends money on anything unplanned. Later, Maryam tells her sister how she and Salisu are trying to manage their household budget more carefully.
- New vocabulary domain: money, prices, budgeting, saving, spending, and household economy.
- Consolidated grammar: fuller imperfective/habitual frame, the formulaic future-time expression, object pronouns, and possessive constructions.
- Continued system: noun gender and plural recorded as part of each new vocabulary entry.
- Extended pragmatic system: repair and clarification formulas applied to financial contexts.
- All Chapter 1-8 vocabulary and grammar remain active and should be recycled throughout this chapter's tasks.
Core Vocabulary
Each noun entry below records gender and plural form, continuing the lexical-entry system introduced in Chapter 6. m. = masculine, f. = feminine.
| Hausa | Gender/Plural | Meaning | Example |
|---|---|---|---|
| kuɗi | m., no common plural | money | Ba ni da kuɗi sosai wannan wata. |
| farashi | m., pl. farashe | price | Farashin shinkafa ya hau. |
| kasafin kuɗi | m., pl. kasafin kuɗi | budget | Muna shirya kasafin kuɗi kowane wata. |
| ajiya | f., pl. ajiyoyi | savings | Ajiyata ba ta yi yawa ba tukuna. |
| kuɗin gida | m., no common plural | household expenses | Kuɗin gida yana ƙaruwa a kowace shekara. |
| lissafi | m., pl. lissafai | bill, account, calculation | Ban gama lissafin gida ba. |
| banki | m., pl. bankuna | bank | Salisu yana da asusu a banki. |
| asusu | m., pl. asusuwa | account | Asusunta yana da kuɗi kaɗan. |
| ciyawa/ kashewa | f., no common plural | spending | Kashewarsu ta wuce gona da iri wannan wata. |
| shinkafa | f., no common plural | rice | Muna sayen shinkafa a kasuwa. |
| haraji | m., pl. harajoji | tax | Harajin gidan ya ƙaru. |
| bashi | m., pl. basussuka | debt, loan | Ba ya son yin bashi in ya iya. |
Kumulative recycling: This chapter continues to require accurate production of personal-history, relationship, place, health, education, work/trade, and technology vocabulary from Chapters 1-8.
Pronunciation Focus
Several words used when talking about money and prices, such as kuɗi and farashi, contain vowel-length contrasts that affect meaning and should continue to be pronounced carefully. This chapter does not introduce a new tone or vowel-length rule, but it does ask you to continue applying the vowel-length awareness developed in earlier chapters when producing numbers, prices, and quantities in natural speech, consistent with the pronunciation policy established in the Hausa master instructions. Practice saying prices aloud slowly, paying attention to vowel length in both the number words and the nouns they modify.
Grammar and Sentence Patterns
This chapter continues to consolidate (C) the systems developed in Chapters 6 through 8: the imperfective/habitual TAM frame is expected to be used independently across a fuller range of subject markers, the formulaic future-time expression with za continues as a reliable high-frequency pattern, object pronouns and possessive constructions are expected to be produced independently, noun gender/plural continues as a lexical-entry system, and repair/negotiation formulas extend into financial contexts. No new predicate type, negative TAM paradigm, or focus structure is introduced in this chapter, consistent with the Volume III scope for Chapter 9, which prepares learners for the Unit II integrated assessment in Chapter 10.
9.1 Consolidating the imperfective/habitual frame
Chapter 7 introduced the full subject-marker set for this frame (ina/kana/tana/yana/muna/kuna/suna). This chapter asks you to use the frame independently to describe your own and other people's financial habits, such as saving, spending, or budgeting.
9.2 The formulaic future-time expression, continued
This pattern remains formulaic and high-frequency, as in Chapters 7 and 8. It continues to be useful for near-term plans and promises, this time in the context of money, saving, and paying bills. Full productive control of the future TAM system, including its negative and dependent forms, remains scheduled for later volumes.
9.3 Object pronouns, consolidated
- Ban biya shi ba tukuna.I have not paid it yet.shi = masculine object pronoun referring to lissafi (bill)
- Salisu ya ajiye ta a banki.Salisu saved it in the bank.ta = feminine object pronoun referring to ajiya (savings)
- Maryam ta gaya mini kuɗin gida.Maryam told me the household expenses.mini = first-person object/benefactive pronoun, recycled from earlier chapters
Continue choosing the object pronoun according to the gender and number of the noun it replaces. In this chapter, object pronouns are used to talk about money, bills, and household items that have already been mentioned, without repeating the full noun each time.
9.4 Possessive constructions with na/ta, continued
- Asusun nan na Salisu ne.This account belongs to Salisu.na (masculine possessive linker, agrees with asusu)
- Ajiyar nan ta Maryam ce.This savings belongs to Maryam.ta (feminine possessive linker, agrees with ajiya)
Continue linking a possessor to the thing possessed with na after a masculine noun and ta after a feminine noun. As in earlier chapters, the linker's gender depends on the noun being possessed, not on the possessor.
9.5 Noun gender and plural, continued
Continue recording gender and plural for every new noun, as shown in the Core Vocabulary table above. Some money-related nouns, such as kuɗi and kuɗin gida, do not have a common plural form and should be learned as lexical facts.
9.6 Repair and clarification formulas, extended to financial contexts
- Ban gane ba, nawa ne farashinsa?I didn't understand, how much is it?
- Ka sake fadi, nawa muka kashe wannan wata?Say it again, how much did we spend this month?
- To, na gane yanzu, matsalar ita ce farashin ya hau.Okay, I understand now, the problem is the price went up.
The confirmation formula from earlier chapters (to, na fahimta/na gane yanzu) continues to be useful here. This chapter adds two formulas specific to financial situations: asking someone to confirm a price and asking someone to repeat an amount that was misheard or miscounted.
Atisayen ƙa'ida — Controlled practice: Complete each sentence with the correct word or phrase.
- Maryam ___ (tana/ina) ajiye kuɗi kowane wata.
- Asusun nan ___ (na/ta) Salisu ne.
- Salisu ya ajiye ___ (ta/shi) a banki.
- ___ (Za mu/Muna) shirya kasafin kuɗi gobe.
Model Dialogue
Yanayin hali: Maryam da Salisu suna shirya kasafin kuɗin gidansu a ƙarshen wata.
(Setting: Maryam and Salisu are preparing their household budget at the end of the month.)
Tambayoyin fahimta — Comprehension questions:
- Why is Salisu worried about the household money this month?
- What does Maryam offer to do to help manage the budget?
- What does Salisu ask Maryam to remind him about?
- What repair formula does Salisu use when he mishears an amount, and why?
Guided Practice
Aikin gane — Recognition: Underline every object pronoun, possessive construction, habitual/imperfective verb form, and future-time expression in the Model Dialogue.
Aikin zaɓi — Selection: Choose the correct word: (1) Asusun nan ___ (na/ta) Maryam ne. (2) Salisu ___ (yana/suna) ajiye kuɗi kowane wata.
Aikin gyara — Repair and clarification practice: With a partner, role-play a short conversation about a price or a household expense in which one person mishears an amount and asks the other to repeat or confirm it, using at least one repair formula from this chapter.
Aikin haɗawa — Combination practice: Write two sentences about a financial routine or plan, one using an object pronoun and one using a possessive construction.
Listening Practice
Ask your instructor, a partner, or a text-to-speech tool to read the following passage aloud, twice. Answer the questions after listening.
Sauraro — Kasafin Kuɗin Gida (Listening: A Household Budget)
"A gidanmu, muna shirya kasafin kuɗi kowane wata. Ina rubuta duk abin da muka kashe, kuma Salisu yana biyan haraji da lissafin gida. Wani lokaci farashin kayan abinci yakan hau, kuma sai mu rage kashe kuɗi a kan wasu abubuwa. Muna ajiye kuɗi kaɗan a kowane wata don gaggawa, kuma ajiyar nan tana taimaka mana idan matsala ta faru. Gobe, za mu duba lissafin wannan wata tare, mu ga ko mun kashe fiye da yadda muka shirya."
Kula na sauraro — Questions: (1) What does the speaker do at home to manage money? (2) Who pays the tax and household bills? (3) What do they do when food prices go up? (4) What will they do tomorrow?
Rubutun sauraro don malami, abokin karatu, ko amfani da rubutun lantarki. Duba amsoshi a sashi na amsoshi.
(Listening Script for Instructor, Partner, or Text-to-Speech Use. See Answer Key for expected responses.)
Speaking Practice
Atisayen ƙa'ida — Controlled substitution
With a partner, take turns asking and answering: "Nawa ne farashin ___?" and "Ban gane ba, za ka/ki iya sake fadi?" substituting different money- and household-related nouns from this chapter's vocabulary.
Tattaunawa — Communicative assessment task
With a partner or instructor, role-play a household budgeting conversation in which one person raises a concern about a price, a bill, or an unplanned expense, and the other person offers a solution and confirms a plan, using at least one repair or clarification formula.
Madadin karatu kai tsaye — Solo alternative
Record yourself describing a personal or household financial routine, including at least one habitual clause, one future-time expression, one object pronoun, and one possessive construction.
Reading Practice
Read the short passage below. Underline every object pronoun and possessive construction, and circle every habitual/imperfective and future-time verb form.
Karatu — Ajiyar Iyali (Reading: The Family's Savings)
Halima tana ajiye kuɗi kaɗan a kowane wata tun bayan ta fara aiki. Ajiyar nan, ta ajiye ta ne a banki, kuma ba ta son kashe ta sai idan akwai gaggawa ta gaske. Wata rana, mijinta ya ce masa cewa harajin gidansu ya ƙaru, kuma bai san yadda za su biya shi ba. Halima ta ce za ta ba shi rabin ajiyarta domin taimaka masa, sai dai ta gaya masa cewa dole su rage kashe kuɗi a wasu abubuwa har sai sun samu wani abin shiga. Mijinta ya gode mata sosai, kuma su biyu sun yarda za su shirya kasafin kuɗi mafi kyau tare, gobe da safe.
Tambayoyin fahimta — Comprehension questions:
- What has Halima been doing every month since she started working?
- What problem does her husband tell her about?
- What does Halima offer to do to help him?
- What will they do together tomorrow morning?
Writing Workshop
- Karanta labarin da hankali. Reread Halima's passage and notice how it combines habitual routines, a future plan, object pronouns, and possessive constructions.
- Tsarawa. Plan a short paragraph about a personal or household financial routine or choice, noting one routine, one future plan, one object pronoun use, and one possessive construction.
- Rubuta. Write 80–120 words in Hausa describing the financial routine or choice, using at least one habitual clause, one future-time expression, one object pronoun, and one possessive construction.
- Duba jerin bincike. Check your draft against the checklist below.
- Rubuta siffa ta ƙarshe. Produce a clean final version.
Jerin binciken gyara — Editing checklist:
- At least one habitual/imperfective clause with any subject marker appears.
- At least one future-time expression with za + subject marker + verb appears.
- At least one object pronoun appears, matching the gender/number of its referent.
- At least one possessive construction with na or ta appears, matching the noun's gender.
- New money and household vocabulary is used accurately, including correct gender/plural where relevant.
- No grammar or vocabulary beyond the cumulative Chapter 1-9 scope appears.
- Special characters (ɓ, ɗ, ƙ, ƴ) and apostrophe/glottal conventions are used accurately.
Culture and Communication
In many Hausa-speaking households, financial planning is often discussed and managed jointly between spouses or among family members, though the specific roles, responsibilities, and decision-making patterns vary widely by household, region, income level, and personal preference. Maryam and Salisu's conversation represents one plausible household arrangement rather than a description of how every Hausa-speaking family manages money.
Currency names, common price ranges, and everyday expressions about money can differ between Nigeria, Niger, and other Hausa-speaking regions, and prices themselves change over time. This chapter uses the Nigerian naira as an illustrative example and general vocabulary for prices and budgeting; learners in other regions should adapt currency names and typical amounts to their own context.
Common Mistakes
Error: *Ajiyar nan na Maryam ce. (using the masculine linker na with the feminine noun ajiya)
Correction: Ajiyar nan ta Maryam ce. — Choose na or ta according to the gender of the noun being possessed, not the gender of the possessor.
Error: *Za biya harajin gida. (missing subject marker)
Correction: Za ta biya harajin gida. — The future-time pattern requires a subject marker between za and the verb; za alone is not sufficient.
Chapter Summary
This chapter continued Unit II with the domain of money, economy, and households. It consolidated the imperfective/habitual TAM frame across a fuller range of subject markers, continued the formulaic future-time expression with za + subject marker + verb, consolidated object pronouns and possessive constructions with na/ta as independently productive systems, continued noun gender and plural as lexical entries, and extended repair and clarification formulas into financial contexts. All Chapter 1-8 vocabulary and grammar remained active throughout. This chapter completes the content sequence for Unit II; Chapter 10 will formally assess the systems developed across Chapters 6 through 9.
Chapter Review
Sashi na A — Kalmomi (Vocabulary)
1. Give the Hausa word, gender, and plural for four money- or household-related nouns from this chapter.
Sashi na B — Nahawu (Grammar)
1. Write one habitual sentence about someone else's financial routine, using a subject marker other than ina/kana/tana.
2. Write one sentence using za + subject marker + verb about a plan involving money or a household expense.
3. Write one sentence with an object pronoun and one with a possessive construction.
Sashi na C — Karatu da Rubutu
1. Reread Halima's passage and summarize it in three to four English sentences.
2. Write your 80–120-word paragraph about a financial routine or choice, following the Writing Workshop instructions.
Sashi na D — Magana
1. With a partner or instructor, role-play the budgeting conversation from the Speaking Practice section, including at least one repair or clarification formula.
Practical Performance Task
Aikin Aiwatarwa — Chapter 9
Kasafin Kuɗin Gida — A Household Budget
Complete all four components, drawing on new Chapter 9 vocabulary and grammar as well as cumulative Chapter 1-8 material:
- Listening: Listen to the household budget description and answer the comprehension questions.
- Speaking: Role-play a budgeting conversation covering a financial concern and a proposed solution, with at least one repair or clarification formula.
- Reading: Read Halima's passage and answer the comprehension questions.
- Writing: Submit your 80–120-word paragraph about a financial routine or choice.
Evaluation criteria: consolidated use of the habitual frame and the future-time expression across a fuller range of subject markers; correct object pronoun and possessive-linker gender agreement; correct gender/plural for money and household vocabulary where relevant; at least one repair or clarification formula used naturally in a financial context; accurate ordinary Boko spelling and special characters; comprehensible, task-fulfilling communication appropriate to B1 development, without penalty for the natural limitations of this proficiency stage.
Independent Study Tools
Self-check: Can you describe someone else's financial routine, state a plan involving money or a bill, refer to money or a household item already mentioned with an object pronoun, and say who owns a savings account or item using na/ta, without looking back at this chapter? If not, review the relevant grammar section before submitting your final performance task.
Vocabulary review method: Add this chapter's money and household vocabulary to your flashcard set, recording gender and plural for each noun as shown in the Core Vocabulary table.
Extra practice: Write two additional short passages describing financial routines or choices, one your own and one belonging to someone you know, checking each against this chapter's writing checklist before moving to Chapter 10.
Answer Key / Amsoshi
Atisayen ƙa'ida (Grammar review, Section 9)
- Maryam tana ajiye kuɗi kowane wata.
- Asusun nan na Salisu ne.
- Salisu ya ajiye ta a banki.
- Za mu shirya kasafin kuɗi gobe.
Tambayoyin fahimta na tattaunawa (Dialogue comprehension)
- Salisu is worried because the price of rice went up and he fears the household money will not be enough.
- Maryam offers to keep track of the household accounts herself and to reduce spending on some things.
- Salisu asks Maryam to remind him before he spends money on something unplanned.
- Salisu uses Ka sake fadi, nawa muke ajiyewa a kowane wata? because he misheard the amount they save.
Kula na sauraro (Listening responses)
(1) The speaker's household prepares a budget every month and tracks spending. (2) Salisu pays the tax and household bills. (3) They reduce spending on some things when food prices go up. (4) Tomorrow, they will review this month's accounts together.
Tambayoyin karatu (Reading comprehension)
- Halima has been saving a little money every month since she started working.
- Her husband tells her that their household tax has increased and he doesn't know how they will pay it.
- Halima offers to give him half of her savings to help him.
- Tomorrow morning, they will plan a better budget together.
Sashi na B (Chapter Review grammar)
- Sample: Ɗan'uwana yana ajiye kuɗi kowane wata don karatunsa.
- Sample: Za mu biya lissafin gida gobe da safe.
- Sample: Na ajiye ta a banki. Asusun nan na Salisu ne.
Sashi na C (Sample writing)
Kowane wata, ina ajiye kuɗi kaɗan don gaggawa, saboda farashin kayan abinci yakan hau ba zato ba tsammani. Wata rana, ɗan'uwana ya gaya mini cewa harajin gidansa ya ƙaru, kuma bai san yadda za shi biya shi ba. Na ce zan ba shi rabin ajiyata idan yana buƙata, amma na gaya masa cewa dole mu rage kashe kuɗi a wasu abubuwa har sai mun samu wani abin shiga. Gobe, za mu duba lissafinmu tare mu ga yadda za mu shirya kasafin kuɗi mafi kyau.
Other accurate, well-formed passages meeting the stated requirements are equally acceptable.
Looking Ahead
Abin da ka/ki koya — What you have learned
This chapter continued Unit II with the money, economy, and household domain, consolidating the imperfective/habitual TAM frame across a fuller range of subject markers, continuing the formulaic future-time expression, consolidating object pronouns and possessive constructions, continuing noun gender/plural as lexical entries, and extending repair and clarification formulas to financial contexts, while continuing to recycle Unit I and Chapters 6-8 vocabulary and grammar.