पुनरावृत्ति 3: शहर और संस्थाएँ
Chapter Objectives
By the end of this chapter, you will be able to:
- Ask for and give basic directions using movement verbs and location postpositions.
- Describe a basic health issue and state what help or action is needed.
- Make a polite request in a school or work context.
- Say what someone is doing right now using the progressive, and what someone is able to do with सकना.
- Narrate one simple completed event using intransitive perfective verbs, with at least one formulaic ने sentence.
- Read practical public, health, school, and work texts in Devanagari with reduced romanization support.
Communication Scenario
Priya's cousin Vikram is visiting her city for the first time. Over the course of one day, Vikram asks Priya for directions to a clinic, describes how he is feeling, asks a favor at Priya's workplace, and later that evening the two of them talk about what happened during the day.
- Notice how each part of the conversation draws on a different chapter from Unit III: directions from Chapter 11, health language from Chapter 12, polite requests from Chapter 13, and past narration from Chapter 14.
- Notice that no new grammar appears in this chapter. Every pattern below has already been taught; this chapter asks you to combine them.
Where This Chapter Fits
Chapter 15 is the Unit III review and assessment chapter. It consolidates Chapters 11-14, शहर में, स्वास्थ्य और भावनाएँ, पढ़ाई और काम, and कल क्या हुआ?, into one linked scenario sequence. This chapter introduces no new vocabulary domain, grammar system, or pronunciation feature.
Coming Into This Chapter
You can give and follow directions, describe a health need, make a polite institutional request, say what you are doing right now, express ability with सकना, and narrate one simple completed event with intransitive perfective verbs and a formulaic ने sentence.
New in This Chapter
No new grammar, vocabulary domain, or pronunciation system. This chapter integrates Chapters 11-14 into connected community and institutional tasks and assesses your control of these systems together.
Looking Forward
Unit IV begins with Chapter 16, पिछले सप्ताह, which returns to ने and develops it into a fully productive system with controlled transitive verbs and object agreement.
Vocabulary Review
15.1 Places, directions, and transportation (Chapter 11)
| Hindi | Meaning | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| क्लिनिक | clinic | English loanword, recycled from Chapter 12 |
| दफ़्तर / दफ्तर | office | recycled from Chapter 13; nukta variant noted |
| सीधे | straight ahead | recycled from Chapter 11 |
| बाएँ / बायें | left | recycled from Chapter 11 |
| दाएँ / दायें | right | recycled from Chapter 11 |
| पहले, फिर, उसके बाद | first, then, after that | recycled sequencers from Chapters 9, 11, and 14 |
15.2 Health and feelings (Chapter 12)
| Hindi | Meaning | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| सिर दर्द | headache | recycled from Chapter 12 |
| बुख़ार / बुखार | fever | recycled from Chapter 12; nukta variant noted |
| मुझे ... लग रहा है | I am feeling ... | recycled progressive-feeling pattern |
| डॉक्टर | doctor | English loanword, recycled from Chapter 12 |
15.3 Study, work, and requests (Chapter 13)
| Hindi | Meaning | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| छुट्टी | day off, leave | recycled from Chapter 13 |
| क्या आप ... सकते हैं? | Can you ...? | recycled polite ability question |
| ज़रूरी / जरूरी | necessary, urgent | recycled from Chapter 13; nukta variant noted |
15.4 Past events (Chapter 14)
| Hindi | Meaning | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| आज | today | recycled from Chapter 9 |
| गया / गई, आया / आई, हुआ / हुई | went, came, happened | recycled intransitive perfective forms from Chapter 14 |
| मैंने खाना खाया / मैंने चाय पी | I ate food / I drank tea | recycled formulaic ने patterns; still fixed, not yet productive |
No new productive vocabulary is introduced in this chapter. All items above are recycled from Chapters 11-14 for integrated review.
Devanagari and Pronunciation Review
This chapter introduces no new letters, matras, or pronunciation systems. It reviews conjunct recognition, schwa deletion, and nasalization across the vocabulary of Chapters 11-14, and continues building reading fluency with reduced romanization support.
Practice reading the clinic form, office notice, and public signs below without sounding out each letter individually. Group familiar conjuncts such as those in क्लिनिक and दफ़्तर as single units.
Review how schwa deletion applies to familiar words such as दफ़्तर, सकता/सकती, and the perfective forms गया and हुआ. Read each aloud as a natural spoken word, not a letter-by-letter string.
Contrast the rhythm of a progressive phrase such as काम कर रहा हूँ with a perfective phrase such as दफ़्तर गया. The auxiliary हूँ/है/हैं is present in the progressive but absent from the simple intransitive perfective.
Grammar Review
15.5 Directions and location (Chapter 11)
Review movement verbs, postpositions of direction, and sequencers together. No new direction vocabulary appears in this chapter.
15.6 Experiencer को and health needs (Chapter 12)
15.7 Progressive, ability, and polite requests (Chapter 13)
15.8 Intransitive perfective and formulaic ने (Chapter 14)
Boundary: As in Chapter 14, ने remains receptive and formulaic. Use only the fixed patterns मैंने/उसने खाना खाया and मैंने/उसने चाय पी. This chapter does not introduce productive ने, full ergative agreement, or new postposition functions. Full productive ने begins in Chapter 16.
Model Dialogue
Setting: Vikram is visiting Priya's city. Over the course of the day they talk three times: in the morning about directions, at midday about how Vikram feels, and in the evening about the whole day.
समझ के प्रश्न — Comprehension questions:
- विक्रम को क्या हुआ है? (What is Vikram experiencing?)
- प्रिया विक्रम से दफ़्तर में क्या माँगती है? (What does Priya ask Vikram for at the office?)
- शाम को विक्रम अपने दिन के बारे में क्या कहता है? (What does Vikram say about his day in the evening?)
Listening Practice
Ask your instructor, a study partner, or a fluent Hindi speaker to read the model dialogue and the passage below aloud twice. On the first listen, note only the sequence of the day's events. On the second listen, complete the table.
If no speaker is available, this is a Listening Script for Independent Use. Read the passage slowly at first, then at a natural pace. Any spoken model should be verified by a fluent Hindi speaker before being treated as a pronunciation standard.
अंजलि का दिन — Anjali's Day:
"अंजलि को कल सुबह सिर दर्द हुआ। वह क्लिनिक गई। डॉक्टर ने कहा कि वह ठीक है। फिर वह अपने दफ़्तर गई और काम किया। दोपहर को उसने अपने साथी से मदद माँगी, और उन्होंने साथ में एक ज़रूरी काम किया। शाम को अंजलि घर आई और आराम किया।"
सुनने का काम — Listening task:
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| अंजलि को सुबह क्या हुआ? (What happened to Anjali in the morning?) | ______ |
| अंजलि क्लिनिक क्यों गई? (Why did Anjali go to the clinic?) | ______ |
| दोपहर को उसने क्या किया? (What did she do in the afternoon?) | ______ |
| शाम को अंजलि ने क्या किया? (What did Anjali do in the evening?) | ______ |
Reading Practice
Read each of the short texts below, sounding out the Devanagari carefully, then answer the questions.
समस्या: सिर दर्द, हल्का बुख़ार
कब से: आज सुबह से
डॉक्टर से मिलने का समय: दोपहर 12 बजे
समझ के प्रश्न — Comprehension questions:
- According to the clinic form, what two symptoms does Vikram report?
- What time is Vikram's clinic appointment?
- According to the office message, why should the reader come to the meeting?
Writing Workshop
Write a short connected account that links directions, a health need, a polite request, and a past event.
लेखन कार्य — Writing task: Write six to eight sentences describing a day that includes: (1) giving or asking for directions to a place, (2) describing a health need, (3) making one polite request in a school or work context, and (4) narrating what happened using at least one intransitive perfective verb and one formulaic ने sentence.
- Set the scene. Begin with a time expression, such as आज सुबह or कल.
- Give or ask for directions. Use a movement verb and at least one location postposition from Chapter 11.
- Describe a health need. Use मुझे ... है or मुझे ... लग रहा है from Chapter 12.
- Make one polite request. Use क्या आप ... सकते हैं? from Chapter 13.
- Narrate what happened. Use गया/गई or आया/आई, and sequence with फिर or उसके बाद.
- Optionally use one formulaic ने sentence. Use only मैंने खाना खाया or मैंने चाय पी without changing the pattern.
संपादन सूची — Editing checklist:
- Directions use a correctly placed postposition and movement verb.
- The health description uses मुझे correctly with the intended meaning.
- The polite request uses सकना correctly, agreeing with its subject.
- Intransitive perfective forms agree correctly with the subject's gender.
- Any ने sentence matches exactly one of the two fixed formulas from Chapter 14.
- A danda (।) ends each sentence, and spelling matches this unit's vocabulary.
Speaking Practice
नियंत्रित अभ्यास — Controlled practice: reading the model dialogue aloud
Read the model dialogue above aloud twice: once slowly, and once at a more natural pace. Pay attention to the shift in rhythm between the progressive, ability, and perfective sentences.
संचार कार्य — Communicative task: the linked scenario role-play
With a partner, role-play the full day: one person asks for directions and describes a health need, the other gives directions and responds; then one person makes a polite request at work; finally, both narrate what happened that day, in sequence, using at least one perfective form each.
अकेले अभ्यास — Solo alternative
Record yourself narrating the full linked scenario alone, taking both roles in turn: give directions, describe a health need, make a polite request, and narrate the day's events.
Culture and Communication
A single day often requires moving between different levels of formality: a casual exchange with a family member, a more careful description of a health concern, and a polite request at work. Hindi speakers adjust address, tone, and phrasing to fit each setting, and the same underlying grammar can sound more or less formal depending on word choice and delivery.
Requests for help, whether for directions, at a clinic, or at work, are shaped by relationship and setting rather than by one fixed formula. A visiting relative, a clinic receptionist, and a colleague may all be addressed politely, but the specific words and level of directness can vary considerably.
Common Mistakes
Error: Saying मैं क्लिनिक जा रहा हूँ to describe something that already happened yesterday.
Correction: Use the perfective for a completed event: मैं क्लिनिक गया. Reserve the progressive for actions happening right now.
Error: Saying मैं सिर दर्द है without मुझे.
Correction: Health and feeling constructions require the experiencer: मुझे सिर दर्द है.
Error: Saying उसने गया, trying to add ने to an intransitive verb.
Correction: As in Chapter 14, ने at this stage appears only in मैंने/उसने खाना खाया and मैंने/उसने चाय पी. The full system begins in Chapter 16.
Chapter Review
भाग A — समझ (Comprehension)
1. Return to the model dialogue and answer in English:
- What directions does Priya give Vikram?
- What does Priya ask Vikram to do at her office?
भाग B — व्याकरण (Grammar)
1. Complete with the correct form:
- मुझे ______ है। (a headache)
- क्या आप ______? (can you help me?)
- विक्रम सुबह क्लिनिक ______। (went, masculine)
2. Combine these two events with फिर: विक्रम क्लिनिक गया। / उसने चाय पी।
3. Correct the error: मैं दफ़्तर जा रहा हूँ कल। (intended meaning: "I went to the office yesterday")
भाग C — पठन (Reading)
1. Return to the clinic form and office message above and answer:
- What is Vikram's appointment time?
- Why is the office meeting described as urgent?
भाग D — लेखन (Writing)
1. Write the connected account described in the Writing Workshop above, following all six steps.
भाग E — वाचन (Speaking)
1. With a partner, role-play the full linked scenario without reading from a script, and have your partner ask one follow-up question at each stage.
Cumulative Review
This chapter integrates directions and transportation (Chapter 11), health and feelings (Chapter 12), study/work requests and the progressive (Chapter 13), and past-event narration (Chapter 14), along with recycled vocabulary from earlier chapters, including daily routine (Chapter 9) and sequencing connectors.
Practical Performance Task
शहर और संस्थाओं में एक दिन — A Day Around Town and Institutions
Complete the following four connected tasks in order. This is the Unit III Assessment.
- Listen to the model dialogue or listening passage above and complete the listening table.
- Speak with a partner (or record yourself): role-play the linked scenario, including directions, a health description, a polite request, and a short past narration.
- Read the clinic form and office message above and answer the comprehension questions.
- Write the connected account following the Writing Workshop checklist.
| Criterion | What is assessed |
|---|---|
| Directions | Correct movement verb and location postposition to give or follow directions. |
| Health description | Correct experiencer construction with मुझे to describe a symptom or feeling. |
| Polite institutional request | Correct use of सकना in a polite question. |
| Progressive versus perfective | Correct choice between ongoing and completed action. |
| Intransitive perfective with agreement | Correct use of गया/गई or आया/आई matching the subject. |
| Formulaic ने | If used, matches exactly one of the two fixed formulas taught in Chapter 14. |
| Devanagari reading and writing | Clinic form and office message read accurately; account written with correct spelling and minimal romanization. |
This task evaluates only what Chapters 11-14 have taught. It does not require independent production of full ergative agreement, arbitrary transitive perfectives, new postposition functions, or literary past styles.
Answer Key
Model Dialogue — Comprehension
- Vikram has a headache and, later, feels feverish (सिर दर्द, बुख़ार लग रहा है).
- Priya asks him to come to her office because she needs his help (मुझे आपकी मदद चाहिए).
Listening
- Anjali got a headache in the morning (सिर दर्द हुआ).
- She went to the clinic because of the headache.
- In the afternoon she asked a colleague for help and they did an urgent task together.
- In the evening Anjali came home and rested (घर आई और आराम किया).
Reading — Comprehension
- Headache and mild fever (सिर दर्द, हल्का बुख़ार).
- 12 noon (दोपहर 12 बजे).
- Because the task discussed at the meeting is urgent (यह काम ज़रूरी है).
Chapter Review — भाग B
- (a) सिर दर्द (b) क्या आप मेरी मदद कर सकते हैं? (c) गया
- विक्रम क्लिनिक गया। फिर उसने चाय पी।
- मैं कल दफ़्तर गया / मैं कल दफ़्तर गई।
Looking Ahead
अब आप क्या कर सकते हैं — What you can do now
You can give and follow directions, describe a health need, make a polite institutional request, distinguish ongoing from completed action, narrate a simple past event with correct gender agreement, and read practical public, health, and work texts in Devanagari with reduced support. You have completed Unit III.