B1에서 B2로: 말을 넓히는 방법From B1 to B2 Expression
Chapter Objectives
By the end of this chapter, you will be able to:
- Review and consolidate the core discourse tools from Volume II — connectors, tense and modality control, and speech-level consistency — as a foundation for B2 communication.
- Expand short, separate sentences into longer, well-organized paragraphs using cohesive devices.
- Identify and correct common cohesion problems, such as disconnected sentences, unclear reference, and repeated subjects.
- Recognize when a communicative situation calls for a register shift, and begin adjusting between everyday polite and more careful, deliberate style.
- Read and interpret a short multi-paragraph text and identify its organizing structure.
- Produce a connected, multi-paragraph piece of writing on a personal or familiar topic.
- Speak in longer, more connected turns rather than isolated sentences, using pauses and connectors naturally.
This chapter is a discourse-review and expansion chapter. It introduces no major new particle, honorific, or tense system beyond cohesion and paragraph-level connectors. Its purpose is to reset the register and structural expectations of the volume before Chapter 2 begins new B2-oriented content.
Communication Scenario
지영 has just started a Korean discussion group for learners moving from B1 to B2. On the first day, she notices that many learners can produce accurate individual sentences but struggle to connect them into a flowing paragraph or a longer spoken turn. She designs the first session around one skill: taking sentences learners already know and linking them smoothly, so that their Korean sounds less like a list and more like a connected account. 라일라, who has just finished the Volume II portfolio, joins the group and works with 지영 to practice this shift.
- This chapter recycles vocabulary, grammar, particles, and speech-level control from all of Volume II.
- This chapter introduces paragraph-level cohesion, connector review, and register awareness as its principal new focus.
- The chapter's task is to transform isolated correct sentences into a connected, organized paragraph and a connected spoken turn.
Core Vocabulary
The following vocabulary supports discourse review and paragraph-building tasks. Most items are recycled from Volume II; a small number of new items support this chapter's focus on connected speech and writing.
| Korean | Meaning | Category / Pattern | Note |
|---|---|---|---|
| 이야기하다 | to talk, tell a story | action verb; 을/를 or 에 대해 | review |
| 연결하다 | to connect, link | action verb; 을/를 | new |
| 문단 | paragraph | noun | new |
| 흐름 | flow (of speech or writing) | noun | new |
| 표현 | expression | noun | review |
| 자연스럽다 | to be natural; ㅂ irregular | descriptive verb | new |
| 정리하다 | to organize, sum up | action verb; 을/를 | new |
| 주제 | topic, theme | noun | new |
| 차례로 | in order, in sequence | adverb | new |
| 덧붙이다 | to add (to what was said) | action verb; 을/를 | new |
| 다시 말해서 | in other words | discourse expression | new |
| 예를 들면 | for example | discourse expression | review, expanded |
| 결론적으로 | in conclusion | discourse expression | new |
| 말을 넓히다 | to expand what one says | expression | chapter theme |
| 태도 | attitude, manner | noun | new |
This chapter's productive load is intentionally light on new vocabulary, since its purpose is discourse and register review. Learners should draw heavily on vocabulary from all twenty chapters of Volume II.
Pronunciation and Speech Focus
This chapter introduces no new sound-change rule. Instead, it reviews how intonation and pausing support connected speech, since connected paragraphs and longer spoken turns depend on prosody as much as grammar.
In connected Korean speech, pauses tend to occur after connectors such as 그런데, 그래서, and -는데, not in the middle of a phrase. A learner who pauses mid-phrase to search for the next word can sound more disconnected than one who pauses briefly right after a natural connector. Practice reading the model dialogue aloud, pausing only where a comma or connector appears.
When one idea is complete and a new one begins, a slightly stronger falling intonation at the sentence-final ending signals the boundary to a listener. This becomes especially useful in longer turns and presentations, where a listener needs clear signals for where one point ends and the next begins.
Grammar and Sentence Patterns Review
This chapter's principal focus is discourse review, paragraph expansion, cohesion, and register reset. It introduces no major new particle, honorific, or tense system; it develops learners' control of connecting sentences that they can already form correctly.
1. From Sentence to Paragraph
A paragraph is not simply several correct sentences placed next to each other. It has one guiding topic (주제), an order that a listener or reader can follow (차례로), and connectors that show how each sentence relates to the one before it. Compare a disconnected list to a connected paragraph on the same content.
- 저는 대학교에서 일해요. 저는 한국어를 배워요. 저는 새 동네에 살아요. I work at a university. I study Korean. I live in a new neighborhood. disconnected — three separate facts, no relationship shown
- 저는 대학교에서 일하고 있는데, 요즘 한국어도 배우고 있어요. 그리고 최근에 새 동네로 이사해서 새로운 생활에 적응하고 있어요. I'm working at a university, and these days I'm also learning Korean. And I recently moved to a new neighborhood, so I'm adjusting to a new life. -는데 (background) + 그리고 + -아/어서 (reason) connect the same facts into one flowing account
2. Cohesion Devices: Connectors, Reference, and Repetition Control
Connectors (그리고, 그래서, 하지만, 그런데, -고, -아/어서, -지만, -는데) show the logical relationship between ideas. Reference uses omission or a demonstrative such as 그 or 이 instead of repeating a full noun phrase. Repetition control avoids restating the same subject or object in every sentence when the topic is already established and can be omitted.
Overusing full noun phrases where omission or a connector would be more natural is one of the clearest signs of B1-level writing that has not yet expanded into B2 cohesion.
- 저는 어제 친구를 만났어요. 저는 친구하고 영화를 봤어요. 저는 친구하고 저녁도 먹었어요. I met a friend yesterday. I watched a movie with the friend. I also ate dinner with the friend. repetition of 저는 and 친구 — flat, list-like
- 저는 어제 친구를 만나서 같이 영화를 보고, 저녁도 먹었어요. I met a friend yesterday, and we watched a movie together and also ate dinner. -아/어서 (reason/sequence) + -고 (coordination) + omission of repeated subject and object
3. Register Reset: Everyday Polite Toward More Deliberate Style
Volume II established everyday polite -아요/어요 as the productive baseline. Volume III will gradually introduce more careful, deliberate registers for news, institutions, formal writing, and academic contexts, beginning in Chapter 6. This chapter does not yet introduce -습니다 as a new productive system; instead, it asks learners to notice that the same content can sound more organized and deliberate even within -아요/어요, simply through better cohesion, clearer topic sentences, and more careful word choice such as 결론적으로 or 다시 말해서.
[topic sentence] + [supporting detail with a connector] + [example or elaboration] + [closing or summarizing sentence]
A well-organized paragraph opens with a topic sentence, develops it through one or two connected supporting sentences, may add an example with 예를 들면, and closes with a brief summarizing or concluding sentence, often introduced with 결론적으로 or 그래서.
저는 요즘 말하기 연습에 집중하고 있어요. 예를 들면, 매일 아침에 혼자 한국어로 그날 계획을 이야기해 봐요. 처음에는 어색했지만, 지금은 훨씬 자연스러워졌어요. 결론적으로, 짧게라도 매일 말하는 연습이 큰 도움이 되는 것 같아요.
These days I'm focusing on speaking practice. For example, every morning I try talking through that day's plan alone in Korean. At first it felt awkward, but now it feels much more natural. In conclusion, I think practicing speaking every day, even briefly, seems to help a lot.
Practice — Expanding sentences
- Take three short separate sentences about your weekend and connect them into one flowing sentence using -고 or -아/어서.
- Write a two-sentence pair in which the second sentence omits a repeated subject that is clear from context.
- Write one sentence using 예를 들면 to give an example of a habit or routine.
- Write one closing sentence for a short paragraph using 결론적으로.
Model Dialogue
Setting: 지영's discussion group, first session. 지영 asks 라일라 to describe her week, first as separate sentences and then as a connected account.
내용 이해 — Comprehension questions:
- List the three original separate sentences 라일라 gives about her week.
- Identify at least two connectors 라일라 uses when she retells her week as one connected account.
- What discourse expression does 라일라 use to close her connected account?
Guided Practice
- Write three short separate sentences about your typical week, similar to 라일라's first attempt.
- Rewrite them as one connected account using at least two different connectors.
- Underline or mark every place where you removed a repeated subject or object.
- Add one closing sentence using 결론적으로 or 다시 말해서.
Listening Practice
Ask your instructor, a language partner, or a text-to-speech tool to read the following passage aloud. Listen twice without reading, then complete the tasks below.
민수의 하루 이야기
민수 씨는 아침에 일찍 일어나서 운동을 하는데, 운동을 하고 나면 하루 종일 기분이 좋다고 해요. 그래서 요즘은 회사에 가기 전에 삼십 분 정도 걷는 습관을 만들었어요. 처음에는 일찍 일어나는 게 힘들었지만, 지금은 오히려 아침 시간이 하루 중에서 제일 편안한 시간이 됐어요. 다시 말해서, 작은 습관 하나가 하루 전체의 흐름을 바꿔 놓은 셈이에요.
듣기 과제 — Listening task: Listen and answer in English.
| 질문 | 답 |
|---|---|
| What habit has 민수 built recently, and why? | ______ |
| How did 민수's feeling about early mornings change over time? | ______ |
| What discourse expression does the passage use to summarize its point, and what does it mean? | ______ |
Reading Practice
Below is a short two-paragraph text similar to the one you will write in this chapter's Writing Workshop. Read it and answer the questions below.
한국어 공부와 나의 변화
저는 일 년 전에 한국어 공부를 시작했는데, 처음에는 간단한 문장도 만들기 어려웠어요. 하지만 매일 조금씩 연습하다 보니까, 지금은 일상적인 대화를 훨씬 편하게 할 수 있게 됐어요. 예를 들면, 예전에는 짧은 문장만 겨우 말할 수 있었지만, 요즘은 문장을 연결해서 하나의 이야기처럼 말할 수 있어요.
앞으로는 더 긴 글을 읽고, 더 복잡한 주제에 대해서도 이야기하고 싶어요. 다시 말해서, 단순히 문장을 정확하게 만드는 것을 넘어서, 생각을 자연스럽게 연결해서 표현하는 것이 다음 목표예요. 결론적으로, 지난 일 년 동안의 변화를 보면, 꾸준한 연습이 얼마나 중요한지 다시 한번 느끼게 돼요.
This passage recycles vocabulary and grammar from Volume II and this chapter, and demonstrates the paragraph frame introduced in the Grammar Review above.
내용 이해 — Comprehension questions:
- Identify the topic sentence of each paragraph.
- Find one example of the writer omitting a repeated subject, and explain how the reader still understands who is meant.
- What is the writer's next goal, according to the second paragraph?
Writing Workshop
This chapter's writing task is a short two-paragraph reflection: 한국어 공부와 나의 변화 ("Studying Korean and My Own Change"), modeled on the Reading Practice passage above.
- Draft separate sentences. Write four to six short, separate sentences about how your Korean (or another skill) has changed over time.
- Choose a topic sentence. Decide which idea should open your first paragraph.
- Connect with -는데, -지만, or -아/어서. Combine your separate sentences into two or three connected sentences.
- Add an example. Use 예를 들면 to illustrate one point with a specific detail.
- Remove repeated subjects. Check each sentence and omit a subject where it is already clear from context.
- Write a second paragraph about your next goal. Use 다시 말해서 to restate your goal more precisely.
- Close with 결론적으로. Write one closing sentence that sums up your reflection.
- Revise. Check your draft against the checklist below.
체크리스트 — Editing checklist:
- Each paragraph has one clear topic sentence.
- At least three different connectors are used across the two paragraphs.
- At least one repeated subject or object has been omitted where natural.
- At least one discourse expression (예를 들면, 다시 말해서, or 결론적으로) appears.
- Speech level is consistent everyday polite -아요/어요 throughout.
- Only Hangeul is used; no romanization appears in the final draft.
- Spacing and particles are accurate throughout.
- No grammar or vocabulary beyond Volume II and this chapter appears productively.
Speaking Practice
통제 연습 — Controlled practice: 문장 연결하기
Take three short sentences you already know how to say and connect them aloud using a different connector each time (-고, -아/어서, -는데), checking that the meaning stays clear.
의사소통 과제 — Communicative task: 한 주 이야기하기
With a partner, take turns describing your week as one connected spoken account of at least five sentences. Your partner should note how many connectors and how much omission they hear, then give feedback.
혼자 하는 연습 — Solo alternative
Record yourself describing your week twice: once as separate short sentences, and once as a connected account. Listen back and compare how each version sounds.
Culture and Communication
In everyday South Korean conversation, recounting one's day or week as a flowing, connected account — rather than a list of disconnected facts — is generally seen as more engaging and easier to follow. Listeners often respond with backchanneling sounds such as 네 or 그래서요? to encourage the speaker to continue, which supports longer connected turns.
Language exchange and study groups, like the one 지영 leads in this chapter, are a common and appreciated way for Korean learners and speakers alike to practice speaking and get direct, friendly feedback. Giving feedback on organization and flow, not only on grammar accuracy, is a valued part of these sessions.
Common Mistakes to Avoid
Error: Writing several grammatically correct sentences in a row with no connectors, so the writing sounds like a checklist rather than a connected account.
Correction: Use connectors such as 그리고, 그래서, -고, or -아/어서 to link related sentences, following the Building Block paragraph frame above.
Error: Repeating 저는 or a full noun phrase in every sentence of a paragraph, even when the topic is already clear.
Correction: Omit the subject once it has been established, as Korean naturally allows, and rely on context and verb endings to carry the meaning forward.
Error: Assuming that "sounding more advanced" means switching to -습니다 or borrowing academic-sounding vocabulary before it has been scheduled.
Correction: Keep everyday polite -아요/어요 as the productive speech level in this chapter. More formal registers are introduced later in the volume, once particular genres call for them.
Chapter Review
Section A — 어휘 (Vocabulary)
1. Give the meaning of 흐름, 주제, and 결론적으로.
Section B — 문법 (Grammar)
1. Combine these three sentences into one connected sentence: 저는 오늘 학교에 갔어요. 저는 수업을 들었어요. 저는 집에 왔어요.
2. Write one sentence using 예를 들면 to illustrate a habit.
3. Write one closing sentence using 결론적으로 or 다시 말해서.
Section C — 독해 이해 (Reading Comprehension)
1. Summarize the Reading Practice passage in three to four English sentences, naming the discourse expressions the writer uses.
Section D — 쓰기 (Writing)
1. Write your own two-paragraph "Studying Korean and My Own Change" reflection following the Writing Workshop steps and checklist.
Section E — 말하기 (Speaking)
1. Present your week aloud as one connected account to a partner, instructor, or recording, following the Speaking Practice guidance above.
누적 복습 — Cumulative review
This chapter recycles vocabulary, grammar, particles, and speech-level control from all twenty chapters of Volume II, and introduces paragraph-level cohesion, connector review, and register awareness as new productive tools. No new particle, honorific, or tense system is introduced. This discourse-review chapter resets expectations for the more independent B2-oriented communication developed across the rest of Volume III.
Practical Performance Task
수행 과제
한국어 공부와 나의 변화 — Studying Korean and My Own Change
You will produce a connected two-paragraph written reflection and a corresponding spoken account describing how a skill of yours — Korean or otherwise — has changed over time, and what you hope to do next.
- Written: Write your full two-paragraph reflection from the Writing Workshop, following the paragraph frame and editing checklist.
- Spoken: Present the same reflection aloud as one connected spoken turn, without reading it word for word.
- Reflection: Write one to two English sentences identifying which cohesion tool (connectors, omission, or discourse expressions) you found easiest, and which you would like to keep practicing.
| Criterion | What is evaluated |
|---|---|
| Paragraph organization | Each paragraph has a clear topic sentence and logical order |
| Cohesion | At least three different connectors link ideas within and between paragraphs |
| Reference and omission | Repeated subjects or objects are omitted naturally where context allows |
| Discourse expressions | At least one of 예를 들면, 다시 말해서, or 결론적으로 is used accurately |
| Speech-level consistency | Everyday polite -아요/어요 maintained throughout, in writing and speech |
| Hangeul and spacing accuracy | Accurate spelling and level-appropriate spacing throughout, no romanization |
| Spoken delivery | The spoken version sounds like one connected account rather than a read list |
| Scope discipline | No structures used productively beyond Volume II and this chapter |
Answer Key
Grammar Review — Practice
1. Sample answer: 저는 어제 친구를 만나서 같이 저녁을 먹고, 영화도 봤어요.
2. Sample answer: 저는 매일 아침에 커피를 마셔요. 그 커피는 하루를 시작하는 데 도움이 돼요.
3. Sample answer: 저는 요즘 운동을 시작했는데, 예를 들면 매일 저녁에 삼십 분씩 걸어요.
4. Sample answer: 결론적으로, 작은 습관이 큰 변화를 만드는 것 같아요.
Model Dialogue — Comprehension
- 라일라's three original sentences: she went to work, she met a friend, she rested at home.
- 라일라 uses -는데 and 그래서 (and later -(으)ㄴ 후에) when retelling her week as a connected account.
- 라일라 closes with 결론적으로, meaning "in conclusion."
Listening comprehension
- 민수 has built a habit of walking about thirty minutes before work, because exercising in the morning improves his mood for the whole day.
- Early mornings felt difficult for him at first, but now that time has become the most comfortable part of his day.
- The passage uses 다시 말해서 ("in other words") to restate that one small habit changed the flow of his entire day.
Reading comprehension
- The first paragraph's topic sentence introduces starting Korean study a year ago and finding it difficult at first; the second paragraph's topic sentence introduces the writer's future goals.
- The writer omits repeated references to themselves after the first mention in several sentences; the reader understands the omitted subject is still "I" from context and the verb endings.
- The writer's next goal is to read longer texts, discuss more complex topics, and express thoughts with more natural connected language rather than only accurate isolated sentences.
Chapter Review — Section B
1. Sample answer: 저는 오늘 학교에 가서 수업을 듣고 집에 왔어요.
2. Sample answer: 저는 매일 일기를 써요. 예를 들면, 어제는 오늘 한 일을 간단히 정리해서 썼어요.
3. Sample answer: 다시 말해서, 꾸준한 연습이 실력 향상의 핵심인 것 같아요.
Section D — Sample "Studying Korean and My Own Change" excerpt
저는 몇 달 전부터 한국어로 일기를 쓰기 시작했는데, 처음에는 짧은 문장 몇 개도 힘들게 썼어요. 하지만 매일 조금씩 쓰다 보니까, 지금은 문장을 연결해서 하나의 이야기처럼 쓸 수 있게 됐어요. 예를 들면, 예전에는 "오늘 날씨가 좋았어요."라고만 썼지만, 요즘은 그 이유와 느낌까지 연결해서 써요. 앞으로는 더 다양한 주제에 대해 쓰고 싶어요. 다시 말해서, 정확한 문장을 넘어서 자연스러운 흐름을 만드는 것이 다음 목표예요. 결론적으로, 짧은 글이라도 매일 쓰는 습관이 큰 변화를 만든 것 같아요.
Check that: both paragraphs have a clear topic sentence, at least three connectors are used, at least one repeated subject is omitted, at least one discourse expression appears, and no structures beyond Volume II and this chapter appear productively.
Looking Ahead
지금 할 수 있는 것 — What you can do now
You can turn short, correct sentences into a connected, organized paragraph and a connected spoken turn, using connectors, omission, and discourse expressions such as 예를 들면, 다시 말해서, and 결론적으로, while keeping consistent everyday polite speech level. This discourse-review foundation prepares you for the extended narration and background-clause work of Chapter 2.