Ojú-Ọjọ́, Àyíká, àti Àwọn Àmì Gbangba
Chapter Objectives
By the end of this chapter, you will be able to:
- Name common weather conditions, seasons, and basic environmental vocabulary using fully marked Yorùbá.
- Describe today's weather using impersonal descriptive clauses built around the dummy subject ó.
- Negate weather and environment statements using kò, reviewed from Chapter 2 and developed in every chapter since.
- Form a simple prohibition or warning using the new particle má, placed directly before a bare verb.
- Read short public signs and notices that contain commands or prohibitions, recognizing their meaning without being required to produce every pattern independently.
- Distinguish the formal, general prohibition on public signs from the direct, personal prohibition used in speech with má.
- Discuss today's weather and the local environment in conversation.
- Read a simple public notice and describe today's weather and local conditions in writing.
Communication Scenario
Kúnlé and Dúpé have decided to watch their new film outdoors, at a small park near Dúpé's house, this weekend. Before they finalize their plan, they check the weather together and talk about whether it is a good day to be outside. On the way to the park, they pass a public notice board with a few short signs. You will follow their conversation about the weather, then prepare to describe today's weather and read a simple public sign yourself.
- Before you open this chapter, think of a way to describe today's weather where you live: is it hot, cold, rainy, or sunny?
- Recall the negation particle kò, active since Chapter 2 and used most recently with fẹ́ràn in Chapter 14. This chapter applies the same particle to weather statements.
- This chapter introduces one genuinely new particle, má, used to warn someone not to do something. You will meet it first in short, controlled sentences, then see it again, in a related form, on public signs.
Core Vocabulary
Ojú-Ọjọ́ — Weather
| Yorùbá | English | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| òjò | rain | noun; verb form is rọ̀jò, "to rain" |
| oòrùn | sun | |
| ẹ̀fúùfù | wind | |
| òtútù | cold | |
| ooru | heat | contrast with oòrùn, "sun"; see Pronunciation Focus 2 |
| sánmà | sky | |
| ẹ̀ẹ̀rùn | dry season | |
| ìgbà òjò | rainy season | lit. time of rain |
Àyíká — Environment
| Yorùbá | English | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| igbó | forest, bush | |
| odò | river | |
| ọgbà | garden, park | |
| afẹ́fẹ́ | air | distinct from ẹ̀fúùfù, "wind" |
| ìlú | town, city | reviewed from Ch. 5 |
Àwọn Àmì Gbangba — Public signs
| Yorùbá | English | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| àmì | sign, mark | |
| ìkìlọ̀ | warning | |
| ìkéde | notice, announcement | |
| má ṣe | do not (formal sign form) | see Grammar 15.3 and 15.4 |
| léèwọ̀ | forbidden | receptive; common on formal signs |
Àwọn Ìṣe àti Atóka — Verbs and descriptive words
| Yorùbá | English | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| rọ̀jò | to rain | impersonal verb; see Grammar 15.1 |
| mọ́lẹ̀ | to shine, to be bright | used with oòrùn |
| gbóná | to be hot | |
| tutù | cold, cool | descriptive; contrast with noun òtútù |
| mọ́ | to be clean, clear | used for clear skies: sánmà mọ́ |
Weather vocabulary in Yorùbá often pairs a noun (òjò, ooru, òtútù) with a related verb or descriptive word (rọ̀jò, gbóná, tutù). Learning both members of each pair together makes the impersonal clauses in Grammar 15.1 easier to build.
Pronunciation and Orthography Focus
Focus 1 — Reading signs aloud with correct tone and spelling
Public signs are formal written Yorùbá and, when properly produced, carry full tone marks and underdots, just like the instructional Yorùbá in this book. When you read a sign aloud, read every tone mark exactly as written, even in a short, direct expression such as Má Ṣe Wọlé. Do not soften or drop the tone of a command simply because it is short.
- Má Ṣe Wọlé. — Do not enter.
- Má Da Ìdọ̀tí Sí Ibí. — Do not litter here.
Focus 2 — Distinguishing oòrùn and ooru
Two of this chapter's most frequent words are easy to confuse if tone and vowel length are not kept clear:
- oòrùn — "sun," with a long oo and a low-tone final syllable.
- ooru — "heat," with a long oo but a different final syllable and tone pattern.
Say both words slowly, then in the phrases Oòrùn ń mọ́lẹ̀ ("the sun is shining") and Ooru ń mú ("it is hot"), checking that each vowel keeps its full length and tone.
Focus 3 — Tone in weather and sign words for practice
Say each word aloud and mark the tone pattern (H = high, M = mid, L = low) for each syllable.
- òjò — rain (low–low)
- oòrùn — sun (mid–mid–low)
- ẹ̀fúùfù — wind (low–high–mid–low)
- ìkìlọ̀ — warning (low–low–low)
- léèwọ̀ — forbidden (high–mid–low)
Grammar and Sentence Patterns
15.1 Describing the weather: impersonal clauses with ó
Purpose: describe weather conditions using the dummy subject ó, which does not refer to any specific person or thing.
Yorùbá describes weather with the same SVO pattern you already know, but the subject slot is filled by ó rather than by a person. This is the same third-person pronoun you already use for "he," "she," or "it," but here it does not point to anyone in particular:
- Ó ń rọ̀jò. it + [ongoing] + rain It is raining.
- Ó gbóná lónìí. It is hot today.
- Oòrùn ń mọ́lẹ̀. The sun is shining.
Notice that the progressive particle ń, active since Chapter 6, appears naturally in weather descriptions, since weather is often described as ongoing:
ń works exactly as it has since Chapter 6: it marks an action or state as ongoing. Weather descriptions frequently use ń because rain, sunshine, and wind are usually described as happening right now, not as a completed or habitual fact.
15.2 Negating weather statements with kò
Purpose: say what is not happening with the weather, using the negation particle you have used since Chapter 2.
kò negates a weather clause exactly as it negates any other clause, appearing immediately before the verb or descriptive word:
- Kò rọ̀jò lónìí. It is not raining today.
- Kò gbóná rárá. It is not hot at all.
Just as fẹ́ràn in Chapter 14 negated with the same familiar kò you already knew, weather clauses negate the same way. The subject ó may be dropped after kò in short spoken sentences, as shown above; this omission is common with impersonal weather clauses and does not change the meaning.
15.3 Warning someone: the prohibition particle má
Purpose: tell someone directly not to do something, using the new particle má.
má is placed directly before a bare verb, with no subject pronoun required in ordinary spoken warnings. It is used for immediate, personal warnings and instructions, unlike kò, which states that something is not the case:
- Má lọ sí ìta! [prohibition] + go + to + outside Don't go outside!
- Má gbàgbé agboorun rẹ. Don't forget your umbrella.
má and kò are two separate particles with two separate jobs. kò states that something is not true or not happening: Kò rọ̀jò. ("It is not raining.") má warns or instructs someone not to do something: Má jáde nísinsìnyí. ("Don't go out right now.") The two particles are never combined into a single negative marker, and má is only introduced here for simple, direct warnings; it is not yet extended to other prohibition patterns.
15.4 Reading public signs: má ṣe on formal notices
Purpose: recognize the formal sign pattern Má Ṣe... used on public notices, without being required to produce every sign type independently.
Public signs frequently use Má Ṣe followed by a verb phrase, where ṣe ("to do") combines with má to form a general, impersonal instruction addressed to the public rather than to one specific listener:
You are expected to recognize and understand Má Ṣe... signs and to produce simple, direct má warnings of your own, as shown in Grammar 15.3. You are not yet expected to produce the full range of formal sign language, including léèwọ̀ ("forbidden") or other institutional notice formats; these remain receptive at this stage and will be developed further in a later volume.
This chapter's only genuinely new productive item is the prohibition particle má — everything else recombines patterns you already control. The impersonal subject ó is the same pronoun you have used since early chapters. The progressive particle ń has been active since Chapter 6. Negation with kò has been active since Chapter 2. Reading public signs draws on your reading skills without requiring new productive grammar beyond the má pattern itself.
Practice — Describing the weather
Complete each sentence to match the English prompt.
- It is raining. → ___
- It is not hot today. → ___
- The sun is shining. → ___
- It is cold. → ___
Practice — kò or má?
Choose the correct particle, kò or má, for each sentence.
- ___ rọ̀jò lónìí. (It is not raining today.)
- ___ jáde nísinsìnyí, ó ń rọ̀jò! (Don't go out right now, it's raining!)
- ___ gbóná rárá lónìí. (It is not hot at all today.)
Practice — Reading signs
Match each sign to its English meaning.
- Má Ṣe Wọlé → ___
- Ìkìlọ̀: Odò Jinlẹ̀ → ___
- Má Ṣe Dá Ìdọ̀tí Sí Ibí → ___
Model Dialogue
Read the dialogue carefully. Notice how Dúpé and Kúnlé describe the weather with impersonal clauses, negate weather statements with kò, and how Dúpé warns Kúnlé using má. Comprehension questions follow.
Ipò: Kúnlé àti Dúpé ń múra láti lọ sí ọgbà kékeré kan nítòsí ilé Dúpé láti wo fiimu tuntun wọn ní ìta.
Setting: Kúnlé and Dúpé are getting ready to go to a small park near Dúpé's house to watch their new film outdoors.
- Oòrùn ń mọ́lẹ̀. — the impersonal weather clause with the progressive particle ń.
- Kò rọ̀jò rárá. — negated weather statement with the familiar particle kò.
- Má gbàgbé omi rẹ. — a direct, personal warning with the new particle má.
Notice that the sign Kúnlé reads, Má Ṣe Dá Ìdọ̀tí Sí Ibí, uses the same má particle as Dúpé's spoken warning, but in the formal, impersonal sign format described in Grammar 15.4.
Àwọn ìbéèrè nípa ọ̀rọ̀ àdáhùnṣe — Comprehension questions:
- Kí ni ojú-ọjọ́ rí ní ọjọ́ náà? (What does the weather look like that day?)
- Ǹjẹ́ ó rọ̀jò? (Is it raining?)
- Kí ni Dúpé kìlọ̀ fún Kúnlé nípa rẹ̀? (What does Dúpé warn Kúnlé about?)
- Kí ni àmì tí wọ́n rí ní ẹnu-ọ̀nà ọgbà sọ? (What does the sign they see at the park entrance say?)
Listening
Ask your instructor, a study partner, or a qualified Yorùbá speaker to read the following short exchanges at a natural pace. Listen twice. On the first listen, identify the general weather condition described. On the second listen, complete the table below.
If no speaker is available, this is a Listening Script for Independent Use. Read each exchange aloud at a natural pace, then cover it and complete the tasks. Machine text-to-speech output must be checked by a qualified Yorùbá speaker before being used as a pronunciation model.
Ìjíròrò 1:
Àpín A: "Kí ni ojú-ọjọ́ rí lónìí?"
Àpín B: "Ó ń rọ̀jò púpọ̀. Má jáde láìsí agboorun."
Ìjíròrò 2:
Àpín A: "Ǹjẹ́ ó gbóná lónìí?"
Àpín B: "Bẹ́ẹ̀ni, ó gbóná púpọ̀. Kò sí ẹ̀fúùfù rárá."
Ìjíròrò 3:
Àpín A: "Ǹjẹ́ ó tutù lónìí?"
Àpín B: "Bẹ́ẹ̀ni, ó tutù díẹ̀. Sánmà sì mọ́, kò rọ̀jò."
| Ìjíròrò | Ojú-ọjọ́ (Weather condition) | Ìmọ̀ràn tàbí ìkìlọ̀, tí ó bá wà (Advice or warning, if any) |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | ______ | ______ |
| 2 | ______ | ______ |
| 3 | ______ | ______ |
Ìbéèrè àfikún — Bonus questions:
- In Exchange 1, what warning does Speaker B give?
- In Exchange 2, is there any wind?
- In Exchange 3, what is the sky like?
Reading
Read the two texts below. The first is a short weather note Dúpé wrote for her family. The second is a set of public signs from the park. Both use Standard Yorùbá orthography with full tone marks and underdots.
Ojú-Ọjọ́ Lónìí — Today's weather
Lónìí, oòrùn ń mọ́lẹ̀, sánmà sì mọ́. Kò rọ̀jò rárá, ṣùgbọ́n ó gbóná díẹ̀. Ẹ̀fúùfù kékeré ń fẹ́, kò sì le rárá. Ó dára láti jáde lónìí, ṣùgbọ́n ẹ má gbàgbé omi yín, nítorí ó gbóná.
Àwọn Àmì ní Ọgbà — Signs at the park
Má Ṣe Wọlé pẹ̀lú Kẹ̀kẹ́.
Má Ṣe Dá Ìdọ̀tí Sí Ibí.
Ìkìlọ̀: Odò Jinlẹ̀ — Ẹ Má Sún Mọ́ Etí Odò.
Àwọn ìbéèrè nípa ọ̀rọ̀ àdáhùnṣe — Comprehension questions:
- Kí ni ojú-ọjọ́ rí lónìí, gẹ́gẹ́ bí àkọsílẹ̀ Dúpé? (What does the weather look like today, according to Dúpé's note?)
- Ǹjẹ́ ó rọ̀jò? (Is it raining?)
- Kí ni Dúpé rán àwọn ẹbí rẹ̀ létí láti má gbàgbé? (What does Dúpé remind her family not to forget?)
- Kí ni àmì kẹta ní ọgbà kìlọ̀ fún àwọn èèyàn? (What does the third sign at the park warn people about?)
- Wa gbolohùn kan nínú àwọn àmì tí ó lo Má Ṣe. Kọ ọ̀ jáde. (Find one sentence among the signs that uses Má Ṣe. Write it out.)
Writing Workshop
Chapter 15's writing product is a short description of today's weather and local conditions, plus one original public sign of your own. It must use Standard Yorùbá orthography with full tone marks and underdots.
Ojú-Ọjọ́ àti Àmì Gbangba — Weather and a public sign
Write a short description (40–60 words) of today's weather and one recommendation for someone going outside. Then write one original public sign of your own for a place you choose (a park, a school, a river). Your writing must include:
- At least one impersonal weather statement using ó.
- At least one negative weather statement using kò.
- At least one direct warning or reminder using má.
- One original public sign using the formal Má Ṣe... pattern.
- Note today's weather. List two or three facts about the weather where you are.
- Draft each sentence. Write each fact as a short sentence using the impersonal ó pattern, negating with kò where needed.
- Add a warning. Write one direct má reminder connected to the weather, such as remembering an umbrella or water.
- Write your sign. Choose a place and write one formal Má Ṣe... sign for it.
- Apply the editing checklist. Verify every tone mark, underdot, and pattern choice before submitting.
Àtúnṣe àtúnyẹ̀wò — Editing checklist:
- Weather statements use ó as the impersonal subject, exactly as shown in Grammar 15.1.
- kò appears immediately before the verb or descriptive word in every negative weather statement.
- má appears immediately before a bare verb in the direct warning, with no subject pronoun required.
- má and kò are not combined into a double negative.
- The original public sign uses the full Má Ṣe... pattern, not a shortened form.
- Every ẹ, ọ, and ṣ carries its underdot.
- High and low tones are marked on every required syllable. Mid tones are left unmarked.
- Every sentence begins with a capital letter and ends with appropriate punctuation.
Speaking Practice
Àdáwọlé àkọ́kọ́ — Controlled practice: describing the weather
Working with a partner, take turns asking and answering about today's weather. Speaker A asks Kí ni ojú-ọjọ́ rí lónìí? (What does the weather look like today?). Speaker B answers with two weather facts, at least one of them negative. Switch roles after five exchanges each.
Every exchange must include:
- An opening question using kí ni.
- An impersonal weather statement using ó.
- A negative weather statement using kò.
Ìkìlọ̀ pẹ̀lú alábàápàdé — Warning role-play
One partner describes a weather condition; the other responds with a matching má warning or reminder. Switch roles after three exchanges each. If no partner is available, perform both roles aloud, then create a new set of exchanges on your own.
- First speaker describes the weather: Ó ń rọ̀jò púpọ̀.
- Second speaker responds with a warning: Má jáde láìsí agboorun!
Fún àwọn tí ń kọ́ nìkọ̀ọ̀kan — Solo alternative: recorded weather report
Record yourself describing today's weather and one piece of advice for someone going outside, in one to two minutes of continuous Yorùbá. Include at least two weather statements, one negative statement, and one má warning. Listen back and check:
- Did you use ó correctly as the impersonal subject?
- Did you place kò correctly for your negative statement?
- Did you keep má and kò separate, without combining them?
- Did you keep the tone of oòrùn and ooru distinct?
Culture and Communication
Many Yorùbá-speaking regions distinguish primarily between a rainy season, ìgbà òjò, and a dry season, ẹ̀ẹ̀rùn, rather than the four-season pattern familiar to some English-speaking learners. Daily plans, farming activity, and travel are often discussed in relation to these two seasons.
Signs such as Má Ṣe Dá Ìdọ̀tí Sí Ibí ("Do not litter here") reflect a broader emphasis, common across many communities, on keeping shared spaces clean and treating public areas as a collective responsibility. Reading and respecting such notices is a small but meaningful part of participating respectfully in community life.
Public signs sometimes use more formal or institutional vocabulary, such as léèwọ̀ ("forbidden"), instead of the Má Ṣe... pattern taught in this chapter. Both forms are common, and formal institutional sign language is developed further, along with broader civic vocabulary, in a later volume.
Common Mistakes
Error: Writing *Kò má jáde, combining the two negative particles into a single expression.
Correction: Má jáde. — má and kò are separate particles with separate jobs; they are never combined. Use má alone for a direct warning.
Error: Writing *Kò gbàgbé omi rẹ when you mean "Don't forget your water," using kò where a direct warning is needed.
Correction: Má gbàgbé omi rẹ. — kò only states that something is not the case; it cannot issue a warning or instruction. Use má for warnings.
Error: Writing *Ń rọ̀jò as a complete formal written sentence, omitting the impersonal subject ó.
Correction: Ó ń rọ̀jò. — In formal writing, the impersonal subject ó is kept. It may be dropped after kò in short spoken sentences, but a complete written weather statement should include it.
Error: Writing *Oòrùn ń mú when you mean "it is hot," confusing "sun" with "heat."
Correction: Ooru ń mú. — oòrùn means "sun"; ooru means "heat." Keep the two words and their tones distinct, as shown in Pronunciation Focus 2.
Chapter Review
Apá A — Àwọn Ọ̀rọ̀ (Vocabulary)
1. Write the Yorùbá word for each of the following: rain, sun, wind, cold, heat, sky.
2. Translate each expression into English: rọ̀jò · mọ́lẹ̀ · gbóná · tutù · ìgbà òjò.
3. Write a short phrase using each of the following: ó ń rọ̀jò · kò gbóná · má jáde · ìkìlọ̀.
Apá B — Gírámà (Grammar)
1. Write a weather statement and its negative for each: (a) rain; (b) heat; (c) sunshine; (d) wind.
2. Write a má warning for each situation: (a) it is raining; (b) it is very hot; (c) the wind is strong.
3. Identify and correct the error in each sentence:
- *Kò má jáde.
- *Kò gbàgbé omi rẹ. (meant as "Don't forget your water.")
- *Oòrùn ń mú. (meant as "It is hot.")
4. Write a three-sentence weather report about today, using at least one impersonal statement with ó, one negative statement, and one má warning.
Apá C — Ìmọ̀ Ohùn àti Àkọ̀wé (Pronunciation and orthography)
1. The following words are written without tone marks or underdots. Restore all required diacritics: ojo; oorun; efuufu; ikilo; leewo.
2. Write the tone pattern (H = high, M = mid, L = low) for each syllable of: òjò · oòrùn · ẹ̀fúùfù · ìkìlọ̀.
3. Write two public sign sentences using Má Ṣe..., marking every required tone mark and underdot.
Apá D — Kíkọ (Writing)
1. Submit your completed weather description and original sign from the Writing Workshop. Apply the editing checklist before submission.
2. Write two additional short weather statements about a season not described in the chapter, following the patterns from Grammar 15.1 and 15.2.
Apá E — Ìbánisọ̀rọ̀ (Speaking)
1. Without notes, describe today's weather in one to two minutes. Your account must include: two weather statements, one negative statement, and one má warning or reminder.
2. Working with a partner or practicing solo, perform the warning role-play from the Speaking Practice section, inventing new weather situations.
Ìfojúsí ẹkọ̀ tẹ́lẹ̀ — Cumulative review check
Before the Performance Task, confirm you can do the following using vocabulary and grammar from Chapters 1–15:
- Use kò from Chapter 2, most recently combined with fẹ́ràn in Chapter 14, now combined with weather statements.
- Use the progressive particle ń from Chapter 6 inside impersonal weather clauses.
- Recognize the plural marker àwọn from Chapter 4 and adjective placement from Chapter 4 and Chapter 14 while reading signs.
- Use rárá and other intensifiers from earlier chapters to strengthen a negative weather statement.
- Distinguish the new particle má from the familiar particle kò in both speech and writing.
Performance Task
Iṣẹ́ aṣeyọrí — Abala 15
Ìjíròrò àti ìwé nípa ojú-ọjọ́ — A conversation and writing task about the weather
The Chapter 15 Performance Task has two parts. All spoken and written Yorùbá must use full tone marks and underdots.
Part 1 — Oral conversation (1–2 minutes):
Discuss today's weather and plans with a partner. Your conversation must include:
- At least two weather statements using the impersonal subject ó.
- At least one negative weather statement using kò.
- At least one direct warning or reminder using má.
- Correct, clear tone throughout, including the oòrùn/ooru distinction.
Part 2 — Written weather report and sign (40–60 words):
Write a short weather description and one original public sign, following the model in the Reading section. Your writing must include at least one impersonal weather statement, one negative statement, one má warning, and one formal Má Ṣe... sign. Use fully marked Standard Yorùbá throughout.
Assessment note: The spoken task is evaluated on task completion, comprehensibility, correct use of impersonal weather clauses, correct placement of kò and má, and intelligible tone, including close weather-word pairs such as oòrùn/ooru. The written task is evaluated on accuracy of the weather, negation, and prohibition patterns, correct sign formatting, orthographic completeness (underdots and tone marks), and overall clarity.
Answer Key
Practice — Describing the weather
- Ó ń rọ̀jò.
- Kò gbóná lónìí.
- Oòrùn ń mọ́lẹ̀.
- Ó tutù.
Practice — kò or má?
- Kò — Kò rọ̀jò lónìí.
- Má — Má jáde nísinsìnyí, ó ń rọ̀jò!
- Kò — Kò gbóná rárá lónìí.
Practice — Reading signs
- Do not enter.
- Warning: Deep river.
- Do not litter here.
Dialogue — Comprehension
- Oòrùn ń mọ́lẹ̀, sánmà sì mọ́, ó sì gbóná díẹ̀. (The sun is shining, the sky is clear, and it's a little hot.)
- Rárá, kò rọ̀jò rárá. (No, it is not raining at all.)
- Ó kìlọ̀ fún Kúnlé láti má gbàgbé omi rẹ̀. (She warns Kúnlé not to forget his water.)
- Ó sọ pé, "Má Ṣe Dá Ìdọ̀tí Sí Ibí." (It says, "Do not litter here.")
Listening — Comprehension table
- Exchange 1: Weather: heavy rain; Advice: don't go out without an umbrella.
- Exchange 2: Weather: very hot, no wind at all; Advice: none given.
- Exchange 3: Weather: a little cold, clear sky, not raining; Advice: none given.
Bonus: (1) Don't go out without an umbrella. (2) No, there is no wind. (3) The sky is clear.
Reading — Comprehension
- Oòrùn ń mọ́lẹ̀, sánmà mọ́, ó sì gbóná díẹ̀. (The sun is shining, the sky is clear, and it's a little hot.)
- Rárá, kò rọ̀jò rárá. (No, it is not raining at all.)
- Ó rán wọn létí láti má gbàgbé omi wọn. (She reminds them not to forget their water.)
- Ó kìlọ̀ fún àwọn èèyàn láti má sún mọ́ etí odò, nítorí odò náà jinlẹ̀. (It warns people not to go near the riverbank, because the river is deep.)
- Accept: Má Ṣe Dá Ìdọ̀tí Sí Ibí. or Ẹ Má Sún Mọ́ Etí Odò. (Do not litter here. / Do not go near the riverbank.)
Chapter Review — Apá A
- òjò; oòrùn; ẹ̀fúùfù; òtútù; ooru; sánmà
- to rain; to shine/be bright; to be hot; cold/cool; rainy season
- Accept any natural, well-formed phrase using each item; examples: Ó ń rọ̀jò. / Kò gbóná lónìí. / Má jáde láìsí agboorun. / Ìkìlọ̀: Odò Jinlẹ̀.
Chapter Review — Apá B
- (a) Ó ń rọ̀jò. / Kò rọ̀jò. (b) Ó gbóná. / Kò gbóná. (c) Oòrùn ń mọ́lẹ̀. / Oòrùn kò mọ́lẹ̀. (d) Ẹ̀fúùfù ń fẹ́. / Ẹ̀fúùfù kò fẹ́.
- (a) Má jáde láìsí agboorun. (b) Má gbàgbé omi rẹ. (c) Má sún mọ́ etí odò.
- Corrections: (i) Má jáde. — kò and má are never combined. (ii) Má gbàgbé omi rẹ. — a direct warning requires má, not kò. (iii) Ooru ń mú. — "heat" is ooru, not oòrùn ("sun").
- Accept any three-sentence weather report that correctly uses an impersonal statement with ó, a negative statement, and a má warning. Example: Ó ń rọ̀jò lónìí. Kò gbóná rárá. Má gbàgbé agboorun rẹ.
Chapter Review — Apá C
- Correct forms: òjò; oòrùn; ẹ̀fúùfù; ìkìlọ̀; léèwọ̀.
- Tone patterns (accept phonetically motivated alternatives; flag for human review): òjò = L-L; oòrùn = M-M-L; ẹ̀fúùfù = L-H-M-L; ìkìlọ̀ = L-L-L.
- Accept any accurate sign sentence using Má Ṣe..., such as: Má Ṣe Wọlé. or Má Ṣe Dá Ìdọ̀tí Sí Ibí.
Looking Ahead
Ohun tí o lè ṣe báyìí — What you can do now
You can name common weather conditions, seasons, and environmental vocabulary, describe the weather using impersonal clauses with ó, negate weather statements with kò, warn someone directly using the new particle má, and read simple public signs and notices, including the formal Má Ṣe... pattern. You can also discuss today's weather in conversation and write a short weather report and public sign.